1,^  _ 


^ss; 


^■^^-i^-. 


-m 


-  --di 

HI^^Bfl^^Bit|d^— y^<i '^BQ^^^B^  jp^^^Hb 

^^      "    ' 

t. 

Bulletin  No.  10 

U.  S.   DEPARTMENT  OF   AGRICULTURE 

DIVISION  OF  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


LIFE  ZONES  AXD  CROP  ZOXES 


OF 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


BY 


Chitf,  Biological  Sun-ey 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING     OFFICE 
I  898 


Corrected  to  December,  1897. 


LIFE   ZONES  OF  ' 

C.  liARI 


B   EV  a  CO- -..v. 


E  UXITED  STATES 
:rriam. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Biological  Survey, 
Washington,  D.  C,  June  20,  1898. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  hereAvith  for  publication,  as  Bul- 
letin No.  10  of  this  division,  a  report  on  the  work  of  the  Biological 
Survey  in  its  relation  to  i)ractical  agriculture,  comi>rising  a  reprint 
of  the  article  on  the  subject  in  the  Yearbook  of  the  United  States 
DeiDartnient  of  Agriculture  for  1807  and  considerable  additional  mat- 
ter. This  report  is  accompanied  b}'  a  new  map  of  the  life  zones  of 
the  United  States,  corrected  to  December,  ISO 7,  and  consists  of  four 
parts,  as  follows: 

I.  Relations  of  the  Biological  Surve}'  to  practical  agriculture. 
II.  Life  zones  of  the  United  States :  Boundaries,  native  si^ecies,  and 
important  crops. 

III.  Laws  of  temperature  control  of  the  geographic  distribution  ol 
animals  and  plants. 
lY.  Crop  tables. 

Il  is  hoped  that  this  report,  with  its  accompanying  zone  map  and 
crop  lists,  will  serve  to  emphasize  the  extreme  wastefulness  of  indis- 
criminate experimentation,  by  which  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars 
are  thrown  away  each  year  in  futile  attempts  to  make  crops  grow  in 
areas  totally  unfitted  for  their  cultivation. 
Respectfully, 

C.  Hart  Merriam, 

Chief,  Biological  Survey. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  AgricuMure. 


CONTEXTS. 


Page. 

Introduction 7 

PART  I. 

Relations  of  the  Biological  Survey  to  practical  agriculture 9 

Need  of  diversification  of  crops 9 

Sea  Island  and  Egyptian  cotton  for  new  sections 11 

Profitable  crops  for  different  climates .  11 

What  the  farmer  needs  to  know 12 

Mapping  agricultural  regions -  13 

Development  of  agriculture  in  California  .. 14 

The  arid  regions 15 

Special  value  of  narrow  extensions  of  faunas 15 

PART  II. 

Life  zones  of  the  United  States:  Boundaries,  native  species,  and 

important  crops - 18 

1.  The  Arctic-Alpine  zone ._ 18 

2.  The  Hudsonian  zone 19 

3.  The  Canadian  zone  -  .. 19 

4.  The  Transition  zone  . 20 

(«)  The  Alleghanian  faunal  area 20 

Crops  of  the  Alleghanian  faunal  area 21 

(Z>)  The  arid  Transition  faunal  area ...   -.. 25 

Crops  of  the  arid  Transition  faunal  area  .  - - .  25 

(c)  The  Pacific  coast  Transition  faunal  area. 27 

Crops  of  the  Pacific  coast  Transition  faunal  area  .  - 29 

5.  The  Upper  Austral  zone 30 

(a)  The  Carolinian  faunal  area .  30 

Crops  of  the  Carolinian  faunal  area 31 

(b)  The  Upper  Sonoran  faunal  area 36 

Crops  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  faunal  area .  - 37 

6.  The  Lower  Austral  zone . .    41 

(a)  The  Lower  Sonoran  faunal  area 41 

Crops  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  faunal  area . . 42 

(b)  The  Austroriparian  faunal  area .  45 

Crops  of  the  Austroriparian  faunal  area 46 

(c)  Semitropical  or  Gulf  strip. 49 

Crops  of  the  Semitropical  or  Gulf  strip 49 

7.  The  Tropical  region 51 

Crops  of  the  Tropical  region 52 

Crops  of  Tropical  Florida. 52 


6  CONTENTS. 

PART  III. 

Page. 
Laws  of  temperature  control  of  the  geographic   distribution  of 

animals  and  plants 54 

Zone  temperatures 54 

The  Boreal  rej^ioii 54 

The  Austral  region 55 

The  Tropical  region 55 

PART  IV. 

Crop  tables 56 

Cereals. 56 

Apples .  - 57 

Apricots 62 

Cherries 62 

Grapes _ 64 

Peaches 65 

Pears  . 67 

Plums 68 

Strawberries 70 

Nuts. 71 

Miscellaneous  crops ... 73 


ILLUSTRATION. 


Map  showing  life  zones  of  the  United  States Frontispiece. 


INTRODUCTION. 


For  teu  years  the  Biological  Survey  (and  its  predecessor,  the  Divi- 
sion of  Ornithology  and  Mammalogy)  lias  had  small  parties  in  the 
field  traversing  the  public  domain  for  the  pur^Dose  of  studying  the 
geographic  distribution  of  our  native  land  animals  and  plants  and 
mapping  the  boundaries  of  the  areas  they  inhabit.  The  in'esent 
report  is  intended  to  exi^lain  the  relations  of  this  work  to  practical 
agriculture  and  to  show  the  results  thus  far  attained — it  does  not 
deal  with  other  investigations  carried  on  by  the  Survey. 

It  was  early  learned  that  Xorth  America  is  divisible  into  seven 
transcontinental  belts  or  life  zones  and  a  much  larger  number  of 
minor  areas  or  faunas,  each  characterized  by  particular  associations 
of  animals  and  plants.  It  was  then  suspected  that  these  same  zones 
and  areas,  up  to  the  northern  limit  of  profitable  agriculture,  are 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  particular  kinds  or  varieties  of  cultivated 
crops,  and  this  has  since  been  fully  established.  When,  therefore, 
the  natural  life  zones  and  areas,  seemingly  of  interest  only  to  the 
naturalist,  were  found  to  be  natural  crop  belts  and  areas,  tliej'  became 
at  once  of  the  highest  importance  to  the  agriculturist.  A  map  show- 
ing their  position  and  boundaries,  so  far  as  ascertained  at  the  close 
of  the  field  season  of  1897,  accompanies  this  report,  and  lists  of  the 
more  important  crops  of  each  belt  and  its  x)rincipal  subdivisions  are 
here  for  the  first  time  published.  The  matter  relating  to  the  native 
animals  and  plants  has  been  reduced  to  a  fragmentary  outline,  for  the 
reason  that  this  branch  of  the  subject  is  of  comparatively  little  inter- 
est to  the  farmer  and  fruit  grower. 

Under  the  head  'Important  crops,'  and  in  the  corresponding  'Crop 
tables'  at  the  end  of  the  report,  great  care  has  been  taken  to  make 
the  lists  accurate  and  trustworthj'  as  far  as  flieij  go.  One  of  the  chief 
difficulties  encountered  is  that  nearl}^  all  of  the  published  matter 
relating  to  the  distribution  of  crops  is  arranged  by  political  divisions, 
as  States  or  counties,  and  consequently  is  of  little  assistance  as  a 
guide  to  climatic  or  zone  requirements.  Another  difficulty  is  the 
over  sanguine  attitude  of  mam^  fruit  growers  and  horticultural  socie- 
ties, particularly  in  the  West,  where  innumerable  varieties  are  re- 
ported as  succeeding  in  places  Avhere  they  have  not  been  tested  a 
sufficient  length  of  time.  The  intention  in  the  present  report  has 
been  to  omit  doubtful  records,  and  since  reliable  information  from 
specific  localities  of  known  zone  position  is  exceedingly  scarce,  it  is 

7 


\ 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

obvious  that  the  lists  arc  very  incoiuplete.     They  should  be  taken  as 
a  base  on  wliich  to  build. 

Slat  isiieal  information  lias  been  freely  furnished  by  INIr.  John  Hyde, 
Statistician  of  the  Departnu^nt.  'i'he  data  on  the  disti'ibution  of 
cereals  T  have  compiled  from  a  stud}-  of  the  manuscript  maps  accom- 
panying' a  report  by  Prof.  C'.  S.  Plumb,  about  to  be  published  by  the 
l>ioloi>ieal  Survey.  The  data  on  fruits  and  othei*  ci'ops  have  been 
obtaiiuMl  fi'om  various  soui'ces,  published  and  unpublished.  Among 
tlie  former  may  be  nuMitioned  the  '  (^atal()i»ue  of  Fruits'  of  the  Ameri- 
can Pom()loi>ieal  Society  (I>ull.  it,  l)iv.  i*omology,  U.  S.  Department 
Agriculture),  reports  of  several  State  boards  of  horticulture,  and 
reports  of  tlie  State  ]>oard  of  Trade  of  California.  Special  informa- 
tion on  Arizona  has  been  contributed  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Toume}';  on 
Florida,  by  Mr.  Herbert  J.  Webber;  on  California,  by  Prof.  E.  J. 
Wickson;  on  Washington,  l)y  Mr.  Jesse  ]>aker,  and  on  the  Snake 
River  Valley  at  Lewiston,  Idaho,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Washington, 
b}^  Mv.  E.  II.  Libb}^  president  of  the  Lewiston  Water  and  Power 
Company,  and  Ilenrj^  II.  Spalding,  of  Almota,  Wash.  But  most  of 
all  T  am  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  the  Division  of  Pomology  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  particularly  to  Mr. 
William  A.  Taylor,  assistant  pomologist,  who  lias  kindly  gone  over 
and  corrected  the  various  fruit  lists  with  me  and  has  made  the  nomen- 
clature conform  to  the  rules  of  the  j\iiiericaii  Pomological  Society. 
Without  Mr.  Tayhn-'s  invaluable  assistance  these  lists  would  not  have 
b(HMi  lit  for  publication. 

Con-ections  and  additions  are  earnestly  desired  in  order  that  sub- 
sequent editions  of  the  report,  which  is  intended  to  serve  as  a  guide 
and  index  to  the  crop  adaptations  of  the  various  life  zones  and  areas, 
may  be  made  more  complete  and  useful.  The  list  of  miscellaneous 
crops  hei-e  given  is  regrettably  meager,  and  nothing  whatever  is  said 
of  the  vai'ieties  of  tobacco,  tomatoes,  eggplants,  pumpkins,  squashes, 
beans,  i)ease,  potatoes,  oi*  other  garden  vegetables.  It  is  hoped  the 
necessary  data  on  these  will  be  obtained  in  time  for  insertion  in  the 
next  edition. 

C.  II.  M. 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


PART  I. 


RELATIONS  OF  THE  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY  TO  PRACTICAL 
AGRICULTURE. 

The  Biological  Survey  aims  to  define  and  map  the  natural  agricul- 
tural belts  of  the  United  States,  to  ascertain  what  products  of  the 
soil  can  and  what  can  not  be  grown  successfully  in  each,  to  guivle  the 
farmer  in  the  intelligent  introduction  of  foreign  croijs,  and  to  point 
out  his  friends  and  his  enemies  among  the  native  birds  and  mammals, 
thereby  helping  him  to  utilize  the  beneficial  and  ward  off  the  harmful 
kinds. 

Xo  fact  is  better  recognized  by  thoughtful  students  of  our  resources 
than  the  need  of  diversifying  our  agricultural  products,  with  a  a  iew 
not  only  to  remedying  the  present  unequal  apportionment  of  stand- 
ard crops  throughout  the  United  States,  but  also  with  a  view  to  the 
introduction  of  new  kinds.  This  is  the  more  important  because  of 
the  varying  market  values  of  .standard  croj^s  from  year  to  year, 
prices  frequently  falling  so  low  as  barely  to  cover  cost  of  i^roduction, 
bringing  hardship  if  not  financial  ruin  to  the  i^roducer.  In  order  to 
obviate  so  far  as  i^ossible  the  disastrous  effects  of  such  years  it  would 
seem  the  part  of  wisdom  to  be  prei)ared  with  two  or  more  crops,  so 
that  if  one  fails  by  reason  of  unsuitable  seasonal  conditions  or  low 
price  the  other  can  be  depended  on  for  sufficient  revenue  to  bridge 
over  the  period  of  loss  from  failure  of  the  first. 

Farms  so  favorably  situated  that  absolute  reliance  can  be  placed 
on  a  single  crop,  or  so  little  diversified  that  all  parts  are  equally  fitted 
for  this  crop,  are  few  and  far  between;  and  even  in  such  cases  there 
is  danger  of  overproduction.  As  a  rule,  if  the  major  part  is  well 
adapted  for  corn,  wheat,  cotton,  sugar,  or  tobacco,  the  crop  chosen  is 
subject  to  material  fluctuations  in  yield  and  value,  and  minor  areas 
are  better  fitted  for  some  other  use. 

NEED  OF  DIVERSIFICATION  OF  CROPS. 

The  Statistician  of  the  Department,  in  his  last  report  to  the  Secre- 
tary, calls  attention  to  the  marked  geographic  concentration  of  agi'i- 
cultural  productions,  and  points  out  that  "twenty-five  States,  or  just 
half  the  total  number,  produce  OS  per  cent  of  the  cotton,  95  per  cent 

9 


10  LIFE    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 

1)1"  \\w  corn,  1)5  per  coiit  of  tlie  barley,  03  per  cent  of  tlie  oats,  and  from 
ei^lit-tentlis  to  nine-tenths  of  the  wheat,  rye,  buckwheat,  tobacco, 
potatoes,  and  liay  produced  in  the  entii-e  country."  This  certainly  is 
an  unfortunate  state  of  affairs,  and  one  which,  in  the  light  of  present 
knowledge  of  crop  adaptations,  seems  unnecessary.  At  the  same  time, 
it  is  well  to  keep  in  mind  the  distinction  l)et\v(^en  crops  raised  for  home 
consumptiiMj  an<l  those  raised  for  (export.  If,  for  instance,  the  twenty- 
live  States  and  Territories  now  producing  collectively  less  than  5  per 
cent  of  the  total  outi)ut  of  cereals  can,  by  selecting  proper  varieties, 
grow  enough  for  their  own  use,  they  may  be  able  to  raise  for  export 
liuits  oi'  othei"  croi)s  far  more  valuable  to  them  than  an  excess  of 
cei'eals. 

For  several  years  prioi*  to  1<S07^  the  price  of  wheat  in  the  Xorth  and 
West  was  so  low  as  liardly  to  cover  the  cost  of  harvesting,  while  in  the 
Southern  States  not  enough  was  raised  for  local  consumption,  and  the 
pi'ice  was  coi'respondingly  high.  Thus,  in  1804  the  price  of  wheat  on 
the  fnrm  in  the  Dakotas,  Oregon,  and  Washington  ranged  fiom  30  to 
4()  cents  jxm*  busiiel,  while  in  South  Caiolina,  Alabanui,  and  (Georgia 
it  bi'ought  from  7()  to  87  cents,  and  in  Arizona  '^\.  If  a  wheat  can  be 
found  which  nuiy  be  depended  upon  to  mature  a  good  yield  on  suit- 
able^ soils  in  tlie  Southern  States  great  benefit  to  the  people  should 
accrue  t hei-efi'om.  Recent  investigations  carried  on  in  the  l>iological 
Survey  by  Prof.  C.  S.  Plumb  show  that  Fultz  wheat  and  the  springer 
]\Iay  Avheats  (including  red  May,  early  May,  late  May,  big  May,  and 
others)  may  be  grown  successfully,  except  in  the  lowlands,  in  what 
is  known  as  the  Austroriparian  zone,  a  belt  which  covers  the  greater 
part  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana, 
and  central  Texas;  and  that  Sonoran  and  Australian  wheat  do  well  in 
the  Lower  Sonoran  belt  in  Arizona  and  southein  C^alifornia.  Similarly, 
oats,  in  the  nuiin  a  Northern  crop,  has  been  found  to  do  well  in 
tlie  Austroriparian  belt  of  the  Southern  States  if  proper  varieties  are 
chosen;  and  these  varieties  nvc  the  l>urt  and  R(^d  liust  Proof.  In  tlie 
ease  of  corn,  Moseby's  Prolific,  (Tolden  Dent,  and  White  Uourd  Seed 
seem  well  adapted  to  the  same  belt.  So  there  appears  to  be  no  reason 
why  (cereals  can  not  bi^  grown  in  the  Southern  States  in  (piantities 
more  than  sufficient  for  local  consumption. 

Cotton  is  the  staple  (M-op  of  the  South,  far  exceeding  all  others  in 
money  value.  l>ut  during  18!l7  the  price  of  cotton  was  so  h)w  as  to 
yield  no  profit,  while  at  the  sanu'  time  wheat  was  so  high  that  if  a 
fail-  division  of  aci-eage  had  been  made  between  the  two,  the  Southern 
plant<Ms  would  have  realized  handsome  ]>rotits  instead  of  suffering 
financial  distress.     Attention  must  l)e  called  also  to  the  fact  that  in 


'In  1897  the  price  of  wheat  was  so  high  that  in  Ore.ii:on  and  Washington  the 
farm  value  was  70  cents  i)er  bushel,  and  the  crop  was  so  large  (more  than  :^8,l)00.()00 
busliels)  that  its  farm  valuo  in  Washington  was  $i;J,(JS4.7r)l,  and  in  Oregon 
$13,07 1,<)'2*J.  or  a  total  for  the  two  States  of  nearly  $'27,000,000. 


CROPS    FOR    DIFFERENT    CLIMATES.  11 

the  face  of  the  verj-  large  crop  and  extreme  low  price  of  cotton  in  1897, 
when  our  export  amounted  to  8212,640,760  (and  similarly  in  1894,  when 
we  exported  ^210,000,000  worth),  enormous  quantities  were  imported 
from  Egypt.  This,  while  inferior  to  our  Sea  Island  cotton,  is  of 
higher  grade  than  our  ordinary  product  and  is  used  "for  goods 
requiring  smooth  finish  and  high  luster.  It  gives  to  fabrics  a  soft 
finish  somewhat  like  silk."  During  the  fiscal  year  1896  the  value  of 
the  Egj'ptian  cotton  imported  into  this  country  was  more  than 
$5,000,000,  and  in  1897,  s4, 277, 618.  This  l)rings  up  the  important 
question  whether  we  can  not,  with  the  aid  of  irrigation,  raise  these 
high-grade  varieties  in  certain  parts  of  the  arid  Southwest — in  south- 
ern Arizona  and  the  desert  region  of  southern  Califin-nia. 

SEA  ISLAND  AND  EGYPTIAN  COTTON  FOR  NEW  SECTIONS. 

The  histor}'  of  Sea  Island  cotton  is  interesting,  as  showing  how  the 
intelligent  introduction  and  cultivation  of  choice  crops  in  suitable 
climatic  areas  may  yield  rich  returns.  Dr.  Walter  H.  Evans  states 
that  the  Sea  Island  cotton,  whose  fiber  is  so  highly  prized,  "is  indige- 
nous to  the  Lesser  Antilles,  and  probably  to  San  Salvador,  the  Baha- 
mas, 1  Barbados,  (xuadeloupe,  and  other  islands  between  12''  and  2()'' 
north  latitude.  I>y  cultivation  it  has  been  extended  thi'oughout  the 
West  Indies,  the  maritime  coast  of  the  Southern  States,  Central  Amer- 
ica, Puerto  Rico,  Jamaica,  etc.,  southern  Spain,  Algeria,  the  islands 
and  coast  of  western  tropical  .Vfrica,  Egyi^t,  Island  of  Bourbon,  East 
Indies,  Queensland,  New  South  Wales,  etc.  It  may  be  cultivated  in 
an}^  region  adapted  to  the  olive  and  near  the  sea,  the  principal  requi- 
site being  a  hot  and  humid  atmosphere;  but  the  results  of  acclimati- 
zation indicate  that  the  humid  atmosphere  is  not  entii-ely  necessarj^ 
if  irrigation  be  employed,  as  this  species  is  und()ul)tedly  gro\\n 
extensively'  in  Egypt." 

Although  the  area  in  which  Sea  Island  cotton. is  produced  in  the 
United  States  is  very  small,  and  although  a  large  quantity  is  manu- 
factured in  our  country,  still  the  value  of  the  ci'op  exported  amounted 
in  1891  to  nearly  $3,000,000,  in  1896  to  $3,816,216,  and  in  1S!)7  to 
$4,078,041.  It  is  quite  probable  that  both  Sea  Island  and  Egy[)tian 
cotton  could  l)e  cultivated  with  profit  in  parts  of  southern  California 
and  southwestern  Arizona. 

PROFITABLE  CROPS  FOR  DIFFERENT  CLIMATES. 

But  wheat  and  cotton  are  not  the  only  croi)S  to  be  grown  with 
advantage  in  the  South,  foi'  the  list  of  fruits,  fiber  plants,  and  other 
agricaltui-al  products  fit  for  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  ^Vustroripji- 
rian  belt  is  a  long  one,  and  a  wise  selection  witli  reference  to  home 
consumption  and  convenient  markets  is  bound  to  place  agricidture 
in  the  Southern  States  on  a  very  different  plane  from  tiiat  whicli  it 
now  occupies. 


12  LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 

Ill  northern  New  York  and  Wisconsin^  the  dairying  industry  is  one 
of  the  chief  sources  of  revenue,  and  cheese  is  a  staple  product.  In 
years  like  tlie  present,  when  cheese  sells  at  the  factoiy  for  8  or  9 
cenis — and  still  worse  a  few  years  ago,  when  it  sold  for  4  cents — the 
faruHM-  is  left  a1  llie  end  of  tlie  season  withcnit  return  for  his  labor. 
Yet,  most  of  the  lands  now  devoted  almost  exclusively  to  dairying  are 
situated  in  the  sugar-bei^t  belt,  and  are  also  adapted  to  several  excel- 
lent varieties  of  wheat  and  other  crops  to  which  little  or  no  attention 
is  now  given. 

WHAT  THE  FARMER  NEEDS  TO  KNOW. 

The  farmers  of  the  irnited  States  spend  vast  sums  of  monej^  each 
j^ear  in  tiying  to  find  out  whether  a  particular  fruit,  vegetable,  or 
cereal  will  or  will  not  thrive  in  localities  where  it  has  not  l)een  tested. 
Most  of  these  experiments  result  in  disappointment  and  pecuniary 
loss.  It  makes  little  ditference  whether  the  crop  experimented  with 
comes  from  the  remotest  parts  of  the  earth  or  from  a  neighboring 
State,  the  result  is  essentially  the  same,  for  the  main  cost  is  the  labor 
of  cultivation  and  the  use  of  the  land.  If  the  crop  happens  to  be  one 
that  re([uires  a  period  of  years  for  the  test,  the  loss  from  its  failure  is 
proportionately  great. 

The  cause  of  failure  in  the  great  majority  of  cases  is  climatic  unfit- 
ness. The  ({uantitj,  distribution,  or  interrelation  of  heat  and  moisture 
may  be  at  fault.  Thus,  while  the  total  quantity  of  heat  may  be  ade- 
quate, the  moisture  may  be  inadequate,  or  the  moisture  may  be 
adequate  and  the  heat  inadequate,  or  the  quantities  of  heat  and  mois- 
ture  nia}^  be  too  great  or  too  small  with  respect  to  one  another  or  to 
t  he  time  of  year,  and  so  on.  What  the  farmer  wants  to  know  is  how 
fo  tell  in  advance  whether  the  climatic  conditions  on  his  own  farm  are 
fit  or  unfit  for  the  pai'ticular  crop  he  has  in  view,  and  what  crops  he 
can  raise  with  reasonable  certainty.  It  requires  no  aigument  to  show 
that  the  answers  to  these  questions  would  be  worth  in  the  aggregate 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  yearly  to  the  American  farmer.  The 
Biological  Survey  aims  to  furnish  these  answei-s. 

MAPPING  AGRICULTURAL  REGIONS. 

From  the  study  of  the  ge()grai)hie  distribution  of  our  native  animals 
and  plants  it  has  been  learned  that  the  rnited  States  maybe  divided 
intoseven  transcontinental  beltsand  a  number  of  minor  areas,  each  of 
which  isada])ted  to  ])articular  associat  ionsof  animal  and  vegetable  life. 
It  has  been  found  also  that  each  of  these  beltsand  minor  areas,  except 
tlie  coldest,  is  adapted  to  the  needs  of  particular  agricultural  products. 


'  In  1890  New  York  produced  48.:?  ])er  cent  and  Wisconsin  2t.:'>  per  cent  of  the 
total  output  of  cheese  for  tli.'  country.  The  New  York  output  in  that  year  was 
134,()80,ry24  pounds. 


MAPPING    AGRICULTURAL    REGIONS.  13 

and  that  the  distribution  of  native  animals  and  plants  may  be  coordi- 
nated with  the  successful  distribution  of  cultivated  crops.  In  other 
words,  the  study  of  the  geographic  distribution  of  our  native  or  indig- 
enous fauna  and  flora  has  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  a  number 
of  agricultural  belts,  each  of  which  comprises  several  minor  divisions 
fit  for  particular  varieties  of  fruits,  cereals,  and  breeds  of  live  stock. 

Through  the  intelligent  efforts  of  man  the  slow  processes  of  nature 
have  been  hastened,  so  that  most  fruits  and  cereals  have  been  made 
to  yield  varieties  adapted  to  a  diversity  of  climatic  conditions.  The 
happy  outcome  of  this  artificial  selection  is  that,  while  certain 
varieties  of  wheat,  oats,  corn,  apples,  pears,  grapes,  and  so  on,  thrive 
only  in  certain  limited  areas,  different  varieties  thrive  in  other  areas, 
a  very  large  proportion  of  crops  having  varieties  fit  for  each  of  the 
natural  agricultural  belts  of  the  country.  The  same  is  true,  though 
perhaps  in  less  degree,  of  poultry  and  live  stock. 

The  Biological  Survey  is  engaged  in  tracing  with  as  much  precision 
as  possible  the  actual  boundaries  of  these  belts  and  areas,  in  x^rei^ar- 
ing  lists  of  the  native  or  indigenous  species,  and  of  the  fruits,  grains, 
vegetables,  and  other  agricultural  products  that  are  adapted  to  each. 
In  this  undertaking  it  aims  to  point  out  such  exotic  agricultural  and 
horticultural  i^roducts  as,  from  their  importance  in  other  lands,  are 
likely  to  prove  of  value  if  introduced  on  fit  soils  and  under  proper 
climatic  conditions.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  all  of  the  climatic  life 
zones  of  the  world,  except  the  hottest  tropical,  are  represented  in  our 
own  country,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  an  intelligent  study  of  the 
agricultural  products  and  adaptations  of  distant  lauds  will  result  in 
the  discovery  of  fruits,  vegetables,  fibers,  farm  crops,  and  breeds  of 
stock  which  may  be  introduced  into  the  United  States  not  onlj'  with 
l^rofit,  but  which  by  diversifying  our  products  and  leading  to  the 
development  of  new  industries  will  render  our  agricultural  resources 
far  more  stable  and  certain. 

The  colored  maps  prepared  by  the  Biological  Survey  furuish  the 
first  rational  basis  the  American  farmer  and  fruit  grower  has  ever 
had  for  the  intelligent  distribution  of  seeds  and  tlie  only  reliable  guide 
he  can  find  in  ascertaining  beforehand  what  crops  and  fruits  are  likely 
to  prove  successful  on  his  own  farm,  wherever  it  may  be  located. 
These  maps,  in  connection  Avith  the  work  of  the  Entomologist,  show 
also  the  belts  along  which  noxious  insects  are  likely  to  spread,  fore- 
warning the  liusbandman  of  impending  danger. 

In  studying  crops  with  relation  to  the  zones  or  areas  in  which  they 
may  be  most  profitably  cultivated  considerable  progress  has  been 
made.  The  results  of  an  investigation  of  the  zone  adaptations  of 
several  hundred  varieties  of  fruits  and  nuts  form  a  part  of  the  pres- 
ent report,  and  by  cooperation  with  Prof.  C.  S.  Plumb,  director  of  the 
agricultural  experiment  station  at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  the  more  impor- 
tant results  of  a  similar  study  of  the  varieties  of  corn,  wheat,  and  oats 
are  also  given. 


14  LIFE    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

Tlie  liislory  o^  llie  clo\  ('lopiiieiil  ul"  agriculture  in  C'alit'oriiia  affords 
an  excellent  example  of  the  changes  in  staple  products  that  come 
with  increased  knowledge  as  1o  the  fitness  of  paitieular  areas  for  par- 
ticular crops.  In  the  early  days  California  was  distinctly  a  grazing 
State,  and  hides  and  wool  were  the  chief  exports.  Then  wheat  came 
to  the  fi-ont,  and  soon  formed  th(i  staple  product.  Later  it  was  learned 
that  large  areas  wei-e  particularly  well  suited  to  the  needs  of  fruits, 
and  the  fruit  industry  rapidly  grew,  until  at  the  i)resent  time  it 
exceeds  even  the  wheat  crop  in  money  value.  But  the  fi-uits  from 
which  so  large  a  revenue  is  now  deriv^ed  are  only  in  part  those  first 
introduced.  Fifteen  years  ago  wine  grapes  were  perhaps  tlie  most 
important  fruit;  now  they  are  of  secondary  conse<iuence.  For  a  time 
deciduous  fruits  were  the  principal  ones  deemed  worthy  of  attention; 
now  citrus  fruits  are  of  even  greater  value,  the  output  of  oranges  and 
lemons  in  ISOO  being  3,780,000  boxes.  Almonds,  walnuts,  olives,  and 
raisins  have  also  come  to  be  important  crops.  Twenty-five  years  ago 
all  our  raisins  were  imported;  now  California  i)roduces  annually  from 
90,000,000  to  100,000,000  pounds. 

The  development  of  the  prune  industry  is  instructive  as  an  illus- 
tration of  a  common  class  of  cases  where  products  worth  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  dollars  annually  to  a  single  State  have  been  introduced 
by  chance  rather  than  as  a  result  of  scientific  study.  The  first  prune 
cuttings  are  said  to  have  been  brought  from  France,  along  with  cut- 
tings of  graj^es  and  other  fruits,  by  a  Frenchman  who  settled  at  San 
Jose  about  the  end  of  185G.  For  some  years  little  was  thought  of  this 
introduction,  and  it  was  not  until  1880  and  ISSl  that  serious  attention 
was  given  the  cultivation  of  prunes.  But  from  1893  until  the  present 
year  the  annual  output  in  dry  fruit  has  ranged  from  44,780,000  to 
04,500,000  pounds.^ 

It  is  hard  to  resist  the  temptation  to  dwell  on  the  marvelous  ex^jan- 
sion  of  the  fruit  industry  that  has  taken  place  in  California  since  the 
climatic  adaptations  of  her  various  agricultural  belts  began  to  be 
understood;  but  for  present  x^nrposes  a  statement  of  the  exports  of  a 
few  of  her  many  products  for  the  year  1895  will  suffice  to  give  a  fair 
idea  of  the  nuignitude  this  industry  hasattained.  In  IS'.to  Califoi-nia 
shipped  (^,()l^')  carloads  of  fresli  deciduous  fruits;  dried  fruits,  (1,132 
carloads;  raisins,  4, ()38  carloads;  canned  fruits,  3,1:39  carloads;  citrus 
fruits  (mainly  oranges),  ll,58i^  carloads;'-  nuts,  1,333  carloads;  wine 
and  hrandv,  S,(i5(>  carloads.^ 


'  Statistics  from  California  Fruit  Grower. 

'^FiKiiros  from  Fifth  Biennial  Kept.  California  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  1896. 

''From  California  State  Board  of  Trade. 


VALUE    OF    NARROW    EXTENSIONS    OF    FAUNAS.  15 

THE  ARID  REGIONS. 

While  considerable  progress  has  been  made  in  ascertaining  what 
agricnltnral  prodncts  are  adapted  to  the  climatic  conditions  of  south- 
.ern  California  and  sonthern  Arizona,  this  has  been  done  at  great 
cost,  and  nothing  like  a  complete  knowledge  of  the  snbject  has  been 
attained.  Before  this  will  be  possible  the  life  zones  and  their  snb- 
di visions  must  be  accnrately  mapped  and  corresponding  arid  areas 
in  Africa,  Arabia,  Persia,  India,  Chile,  and  Australia  must  be  studied 
with  reference  to  agricultural  ^productions  wliich  might  be  introduced 
with  i^rofit  in  proper  zones  in  our  arid  Southwest.  Xature  has  not  been 
overgenerous  in  the  distribution  of  water  in  this  part  of  our  country, 
but  she  has  been  lavish  in  her  gifts  of  soils  and  climates.  The  fruit 
growers  of  California  were  long  in  finding  out  that  their  State  com- 
prises all  of  the  agricultural  belts  of  America  except  the  humid 
tropical,  and  that  its  diffei'ent  areas  are  naturally  adapted  to  a  great 
divei-sity  of  agricultural  and  horticultural  products;  and  even  at  the 
j)resent  day  few  realize  that  in  the  southern  half  of  the  State  hun 
dreds  of  farms  might  be  so  laid  out  witli  reference  to  tlie  mountain 
slopes  that  each  ^\'ould  embrace  sections  of  all  the  agricultural  belts, 
enabling  the  fortunate  husbandman  to  produce  not  only  early  and  late 
ripenings  of  small  fruits  and  garden  vegetal^les,  but  also  an  astound- 
ing diversity  of  crops,  from  the  ai^iDles,  cherries,  i^otatoes,  and  hardy 
cereals  of  the  upper  Transition  and  lower  edge  of  the  Boreal  belts,  to 
the  oranges,  lemons,  almonds,  olives,  and  cotton  of  the  Lower  Sonoran 
zone,  and  in  certain  localities  the  pineapple,  date,  and  citron  of  the 
arid  Tropical  areas.  It  is  probably  not  too  much  to  say  that  an  accu- 
rate map  of  the  agricultural  belts  of  California  in  the  early  days 
would  have  saved  the  State  in  the  aggregate  millions  of  dollars  that 
have  been  expended  in  finding  out  what  crops  are  best  adapted  to 
particular  areas,  and  although  much  has  now  been  learned  by  per- 
sistent and  costly  experiments,  such  a  map  would  still  be  of  ver}^ 
great  value. 

SPECIAL  VALUE  OF  NARROW  EXTENSIONS  OF  FAUNAS. 

In  looking  at  the  map  of  the  life  zones  (see  frontispiece),  it  will  be 
seen  that  nearly  all  of  the  belts  and  areas  send  out  long  arms  which 
penetrate  far  into  the  heart  of  adjoining  areas.  When  such  arms 
occupy  suitable  soils  in  thickly  inhabited  regions,  so  that  their  prod- 
ucts may  be  conveniently  marketed,  the}'  are  of  more  than  ordinary 
value,  for  the  greater  the  distance  from  its  area  of  princiiDal  produc- 
tion a  crop  can  be  made  to  succeed,  the  higher  price  it  will  command. 
Hence,  farms  favorabh^  situated  in  northern  j^rolongations  or  islands 
of  southern  zones,  or  in  southern  x^rolongations  or  islands  of  northern 
zones,  should  be  worth  considerably  more  per  acre  than  those  situated 
within  normal  parts  of  the  same  zones.     The  obvious  reason  is  that 


16  LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 

])V  .ii:r()\vin«j:  particular  crops  at  X)(>iiils  reiiiole  from  the  usual  sources 
of  supi)ly,  and  at  tlie  same  time  conveniently  near  a  market,  the  cost 
of  transportation  is  ij:reatiy  reduced  and  the  profit  corresj^ondingly 
increased. 

.Vmonjj^tiie  numeious  fauna!  arms  wliich  penetrate  adjacent  belts  are 
tlie  Hudson,  central  New  York,  and  Miehi^m  extensions  of  the  Caro- 
linian fauna,  and  the  arms  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  fauna  which  occupy 
the  valleys  of  the  Pecos  and  Rio  Grande  in  New  Mexico  and  the  val- 
ley of  the  Lower  \Mrgin  in  Utah.  The  latter  is  a  good  case  for  illus- 
tration. It  is  not  only  the  sole  Lower  Sonoran  area  in  Utah,  but  lies 
nearly  300  miles  in  a  straight  line,  and  a  little  more  than  1,000  miles 
by  railroad,  fi'om  the  nearest  point  where  similar  crops  and  fruits  are 
commercially  produced.  It  is  an  insular  pocket  or  basin,  completely 
hemmed  in  by  mountains,  and  marks  the  extreme  northeastern  exten- 
sion of  tlie  typical  Sonoran  desert  fauna  and  flora.  The  creosote 
bush,  mesquite,  desert  willow,  Gregg  acacia,  and  other  Sonoran 
shrubs,  and  the  Gambel  quail,  Le  Conte  and  crissal  thrashers,  mock- 
ing bird,  cactus  wren,  yellow-headed  tit,  Abert  chewink,  black  phaino- 
l^epla,  vermilion  flycatcher,  and  Texas  nighthawk  serve  as  a  guide 
to  its  faunal  position.  The  valley  is  traversed  by  the  Virgin  River 
and  its  tributary,  the  Santa  Clara,  which,  together  with  copious 
springs,  afford  .water  for  irrigation.  It  contains  the  Mormon  settle- 
ments St.  Geoi-ge,  Santa  Clara,  Toquerville,  and  a  few  others  of 
smaller  size,  with  an  aggi'cgate  population  of  about  3,000.  Among 
the  important  products  are  cotton,  tobacco,  raisin  grapes,  almonds, 
olives,  and  figs;  and  among  the  ornamental  shade  trees  are  the  pep- 
per tree,  tobacco  tree,  and  China  tree  or  Pride  of  India.  The  fertility 
of  the  soil  is  mai-ked  and  the  limit  of  its  agricultural  capacity,  meas- 
ured either  by  number  of  varieties  or  quantity  of  output,  is  still  far 
in  tlie  future.  Nevertheless,  x^resent  production  greatly  exceeds  the 
possibilities  of  local  consumx^tion,  as  shown  by  the  cotton  crop,  which, 
for  the  year  189(3-1)7,  was  no  less  than  123  bales  of  500  pounds  each, 
and  was  wortli  $4,305.  ^  A  feature  of  special  interest  in  relation  to 
the  future  possibilities  of  the  valley  is  the  fact  that  the  yield  of  cot- 
ton per  acre  is  very  much  higher  than  in  any  other  State  of  the  I'nion, 
and  more  than  double  that  of  the  Gulf  States.  Wliat  is  true  of  cot- 
ton is  true  in  greater  or  less  degree  of  fruits  and  other  crops,  Tliere 
can  be  little  (piestion,  therefore,  that  when  railroad  connection  with 
northern  Utah  is  established,  the  St.  George  Valley  is  bound  to  plat- 
an important  part  in  the  history  and  commercial  prosperity  of  the 
youlig  State. 

The  case  of  tins  remote  valley  l)rings  into  i)roniinence  the  necessity 
for  studying  a  much  neglected  subject,  and  one  (ju  which   i)rofllable 


'Statistics  from  John  Hyde,  Statistician,  Dept.  of  Agric,  in  Circ.  8,  Div.  of 
Statistics. 


NECESSITY    OF    ZONE    MAPS.  17 

airi'iculture  very  largely  dei^encls.  It  is  not  enough  to  .succeed  in 
growing  crops  well  adapted  to  a  particular  localit},  for  bountiful 
crops  are  of  little  value  unless  the}'  can  be  i)rofitably  marketed.  But 
in  order  to  reach  the  best  markets  it  is  necessary  to  ascertain  the 
prices  various  products  bring  from  year  to  year  in  different  parts  of 
the  country,  to  make  (xuantitative  studies  of  production  and  con- 
sumi)tion,  to  avoid  overproduction,  to  study  statistics  of  our  imports 
and  exports,  and  give  thoughtful  attention  to  questions  of  transpor- 
tation: in  short,  to  study  commercial  geography,  at  least  so  far  as  it 
relates  to  the  products  of  one's  own  farm. 

The  number  and  value  of  the  exotic  crops  now  grown  successfully 
in  the  United  States,  swelling  our  revenue  by  many  millions  of  dol- 
lars, is  a  monument  to  the  industry,  i^erseverance,  and  determination 
of  the  American  people,  but  atfords  little  clue  to  the  multitude  of 
failures  and  the  enormous  sums  of  money  lost  in  experimentation. 
And  it  must  be  admitted  that  a  very  large  i)roportion  of  these  costly 
exijeriments  have  been  conducted  blindly,  or  at  least  without  the  aid 
of  the  scientific  knowledge  so  necessary  to  success.  As  Professor 
Hilgard  states  in  a  recent  report,  "the  farmer  is  left  to  his  own  devices 
to  find  his  way  as  best  he  nia}^;  and  we  grope  along  laboriously  gath- 
ering driblets  of  information  here  and  tliere,  and  gradualh,  tenta- 
tively i)utting  tliem  together  into  a  more  or  less  connected  whole."  It 
is  not  so  with  other  industries.  Railroad  corporations  planning  new 
lines  study  topographic  nmps  and  employ  skilled  engineers  that  they 
ma}' ascertain  the  most  feasible  routes;  capitalists  having  in  view  the 
purchase  of  mining  properties  employ  experienced  mineral  experts 
that  they  may  learn  the  direction,  extent,  and  value  of  the  mineral- 
bearing  rocks;  manufacturers  employ  not  only  skilled  artisans,  but 
also  expert  machinists,  chemists,  and  electrical  engineers  that  their 
apparatus  and  methods  may  yield  the  fullest  returns.  But  the  farmer 
in  his  struggle  with  the  soil  has  none  of  these  resources,  and  as  a  rule 
has  little  capital  to  risk  in  exi)eriments. 

The  Biological  Survey  aims  to  assist  him  by  laying  before  him  maps 
of  the  agricultural  belts  and  their  subdivisions,  with  lists  of  the  crops 
suited  to  each.  These  maps,  studied  with  reference  to  the  commer- 
cial availability  of  the  different  agricultural  areas,  including  the 
various  arms  or  extensions  of  the  life  zones,  and  with  due  respect  to 
the  density  of  i^opulationand  facilities  for  transi^ortation,  are  believed 
to  contain  much  that  Avill  be  found  useful  to  the  ijrogressive  student 
of  agriculture. 

1002— No.  10 2 


PART  II. 


LIFE  ZONES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES :    BOUNDARIES,  NATIVE 
SPECIES,  AND  IMPORTANT  CROPS. 

'J'he  (♦ontinent  of  Nortli  America  may  be  divided,  according  to  the 
distri])iiti()n  of  its  animals  and  plants,  into  three  primary  transconti- 
nental I'egioiis — Boi'eal,  Austral,  and  Tropical. 

The  Boreal  region  (coloi-ed  green  on  the  map)  covers  the  whole  of 
the  nortliern  part  of  the  continent,  from  the  polar  sea  southward  to 
near  the  northern  boundar\M)f  tlie  United  States,  and  farther  south 
occupies  a  narrow  strip  along  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  higher  parts 
of  the  thi'ce  great  mountain  s^^stems,  the  Sierra-Cascade  Range,  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  AUeghanies. 

Tlie  Austral  region  (colored  blue,  yellow,  and  brown  on  the  map) 
covei's  the  whole  of  tlie  United  States  and  Mexico  except  the  Boreal 
mountains  and  Tropical  lowlands. 

The  Tropical  region  (colored  red  on  the  map)  covers  the  southern 
part  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  the  greater  part  of  Central  America, 
the  lowlands  of  southern  Mexico  south  of  the  table-land,  and  a  nar- 
row strip  on  each  side  of  Mexico,  which  follows  the  coast  northward 
into  the  United  States. 

The  fauna  and  flora  within  each  of  these  three  great  regions  are  not 
homogeneous,  l)ut  present  marked  differences,  which  have  led  to  the 
subdivision  of  each  region  into  a  number  of  minor  belts  or  areas,  char- 
acterized b}^  particular  associations  of  animals  and  plants.  Thus,  the 
Boreal  region  is  divided  into  three  transcontinental  belts  or  zones, 
known  respectively  as  the  Arctic,  Iludsonian,  and  Canadian;  the 
Austral  region^  into  three  transcontinental  belts,  known  as  the  Tran- 
sition, Tapper  Austral,  and  Lower  Austral.  The  Tropical  region  is 
likewise  divisil)le,  but  the  tropical  areas  within  the  United  States  are 
of  such  small  extent  that  the  divisions  need  not  be  here  considered. 
Hence,  in  North  America  north  of  southern  Mexico,  the  total  number 
of  transcontinental  life  zones  is  seven,  of  whicli  three  are  I^oreal, 
three  Austral,  and  one  Troi)ical.  lieginning  at  the  north,  these  zones 
may  be  described  as  fi)llows: 

1.  THE  ARCTIC- ALPINE  ZONE. 

Tlie  Arctic  or  Arctic-Alpine  zone  lies  above  the  limit  of  tree  growth 
and  is  characterized  by  such  plantr.  as  the  arctic  poppy,  dwarf  willow, 
and  various  saxifrages  and  gentians.      In  tlie  far  north  the  snow  bunt- 
ing, snowy  owl,  i)laiinigan,  polar  bear,  arct  ic  fox,  polar  hare,  lemmings, 
18 


THE    HUDSONIAN    AND    CANADIAN    ZONES.  19 

musk  OX,  and  barren-ground  caribou  or  reindeer,  are  characteristic 
animals.  AVithin  the  United  States  the  Arctic- Alpine  zone  is  restricted 
to  the  area  above  timber-line  on  the  summits  of  high  mountains.  It 
is  inhabited  by  arctic-alpine  plants  and  animals,  and  is  far  too  cold 
for  agriculture. 

2.  THE  HUDSONIAN  ZONE. 

The  Hudsonian  zone  comj^rises  the  northern  part  of  the  great  trans- 
continental coniferous  forest — a  forest  of  spruces  and  firs  stretching 
from  Labrador  to  Alaska — and  the  upper  timbered  slopes  of  the  higher 
mountains  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico.  In  the  north  it  is  inhab- 
ited b}^  the  wolverine,  woodland  caribou,  moose,  rough-legged  hawk, 
great  gray  owl,  great  northern  shrike,  pine  bullfinch,  white-winged 
crossbill,  white-crowned  sparrow,  and  fox  sparrow.  In  the  eastern 
United  States  the  Hudsonian  zone  is  restricted  to  the  cold  summits  of 
the  highest  mountains,  where  it  occurs  in  the  form  of  a  chain  of  widely 
separated  islands  reaching  from  northern  New  England  to  western 
North  Carolina.  In  the  western  United  States  it  covers  the  higher 
slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra-Cascade  system,  and  is 
the  home  of  the  mountain  goat,  mountain  sheep,  coney  or  iHka,  alpine 
flying  squirrel,  Clark's  crow  or  nutcracker,  evening  grosbeak,  and 
Townsend's  solitaire.  •  Like  the  preceding,  this  zone  is  of  no  agricul- 
tural importance. 

3.  THE  CANADIAN  ZONE. 

The  Canadian  zone  comprises  the  southern  part  of  the  great  trans- 
continental coniferous  forest  of  Canada,  the  northern  parts  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  and  Michigan,  a  strij:)  along  tlie  Pacific  coast  reach- 
ing as  far  south  at  least  as  Cape  Mendocino  in  California,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  high  mountains  of  the  L^nited  States  and  Mexico. 
In  the  East  it  covers  the  Green  Mountains,  Adirondacks,  and  Catskills, 
and  the  higher  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  Virginia, 
western  North  Carolina,  and  eastern  Tennessee.  In  the  mountains  of 
the  West  it  covers  the  lower  slopes  in  the  north  and  the  higher  sloj^es 
in  the  south.  In  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  it  api3ears  to  reach  con- 
tinuously from  British  Columbia  to  west  central  Wyoming;  and  in  the 
Cascade  Range,  from  British  Columbia  to  southern  Oregon,  with  a  nar- 
row interruption  along  the  Columbia  River.  Among  the  many  charac- 
teristic mammals  and  birds  of  the  Canadian  zone  are  the  lynx,  marten, 
porcupine,  northern  red  and  pine  squirrels,  varying  and  snowshoe 
rabbits,  star  nose.  Brewer's  and  Gibb's  moles,,  water  shrew,  voles, 
and  long-tailed  shrews  of  various  species,  northern  jumping  mice, 
Belding's  and  Kennicott's  ground  squirrels,  white-throated  sparrow, 
Blackburnian,  yellow-rumped,  and  Audubon's  warblers,  olive-backed 
thrush,  three-toed  woodpeckers,  spruce  and  dusky  grouse,  crossbills, 
and  Canada  jays.  Counting  from  the  north,  this  zone  is  the  first  of 
any  agricultural  importance.     Wild  berries — as  currants,  huckleber- 


20  LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


I'ie.s,  l)hickl)iMiies,  jiiul  craiiluHi-ies — i^row  in  2)i{)i'usioii,  and  the  beech- 
nut (in  tlie  East)  is  an  important  food  of  the  native  birds  and  mam- 
mals. In  faA'ored  spots,  particularly  aloni;-  the  southern  border,  white 
potatoes,  turnips,  beets,  and  the  more  hardy  liussiau  ai)ples  and 
cereals  may  be  cultivated  with  moderate  success. 

4.  THE  TRANSITION  ZONE. 

'I'hc  Ti-ausition  zone  (coioi-eii  ))lu('  on  the  map)  is  the  transconti- 
nental belt  in  whicli  Uoreal  and  Austral  elements  overlap.  From 
New  Knjrhiud  to  the  northern  Rocky  JNIountains  its  course  is  fairly 
even  and  rejjfular,  but  west  of  the  Great  IMains  it  is  tortuous  and 
irregular  (see  nuip).  The  zone  as  a  whole  is  characterized  by  com- 
X>aratively  few  distinctive  animals  and  i)lants,  but  rather  by  the  occur- 
rence together  of  southern  species  whicli  here  lind  their  northern 
linut  and  northern  species  which  here  find  their  southern  limit.  It 
may  be  subdivided  into  three  fauiml  areas,  which,  although  grading 
into  one  another,  ai'e  in  the  main  strikingly  different:  (fi)  An  eastern 
humid  or  Alleghanian  area;  (b)  a  western  arid  area;  (c)  a  Pacific  coast 
humid  area.  In  the  Transition  zone  we  enter  from  the  north  the  true 
agricultural  part  of  our  country,  wliei'e  many  vegetables,  the  sugar 
beet,  chicory,  oats,  and  numerous  vai-ieties  of  ai)i)les,  i^lums,  cherries, 
pears,  grapes,  white  potatoes,  and  cereals  attain  their  highest  i^erfec- 
tion.  These  will  be  considered  more  in  detail  under  the  subdivisions 
of  the  zone. 

(a)  The  Alleghanian  Faunal  Area. 

The  eastern  humid  or  Alleghanian  area  comprises  the  greater  j)art 
of  New  England,  southeastern  Ontario,  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  3Iinnesota,  eastern  North  Dakota,  northeastern 
South  Dakota,  and  the  Alleghanies  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia. 
Its  fauna  and  floi-a  ai-e  not  homogeneous,  but  point  to  an  important 
subdivision  west  of  Lake  Michigan,  where  numerous  species  occur  that 
do  not  inhabit  t  he  area  east  of  this  lake.  A  glance  at  the  accompany- 
ing list  of  apples,  where  a  cross  in  front  of  the  variety  indicates  its 
al)sen<'e  from  Wisconsin  and  .Minnesota,  may  be  taken  as  an  index  to 
the  horticultural  importance  of  this  Upper  IMississippi  subdivision.  In 
the  Alleghanian  faunal  area  the  chestnut,  walnut,  oaks,  and  hickories 
of  the  South  nu'ct  and  overlap  the  beech,  birch,  hemlock,  aiul  sugar 
maj)le  of  the  North;  the  Southern  mole  and  cottcmtail  rabbit  meet 
the  Northern  star-nosed  and  Brewer's  nioles  and  vaiying  hare,  and 
the  Southern  bobwhitc,  Baltimore  oriole,  bluebird,  catbird,  chewink, 
thi-asher,  and  wood  thrush  live  in  or  near  the  haunts  of  the  bobolink, 
solitary  vireo,  and  the  liermit  and  Wilson's  thrushes.  Severjvl  native 
nuts,  of  which  the  beeclinut,  butternut,  chestnut,  hazelnut,  hickory 
nut,  and  walnut  arc  most  important,  grow  wild  in  this  belt.     Of  these, 


THE    TRANSITION    ZONE. 


21 


the  chestnut,  hickory  nut,  and  walnut  come  in  from  the  South  (Caro- 
linian area)  and  do  not  extend  much  bej^ond  the  southern  or  warmer 
parts  of  the  Alleghanian  area. 

Crops  of  the  Alleghanian  Faunal  Area. 

Varieties  prefixed  by  a  cross  ( 4- )  do  not  thrive  in  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi section  of  the  Transition  zone  (Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  the 
eastern  Dakotas),  except  in  eastern  Wisconsin  in  the  vicinitj'  of  Green 
Bay.  Those  followed  b}^  the  letters  {n)  or  (s)  in  this  and  the  follow- 
ing lists  are  practically  restricted,  respectively,  to  the  northern  or 
southern  parts  of  the  areas  under  consideration.  Similarly  the  letter 
(h)  indicates  that  the  variety'  is  confined  to  the  hottest  parts  of  the 
zone  and  belongs  more  properly  to  the  zone  below.  Credit  is  due  to 
Mr.  William  A.  Taylor  for  marking  the  fruits  in  accordance  with  this 
plan.  The  numerals  (2)  and  (S)  indicate  that  the  cereals  thus 
marked  are  second  or  third  rate  in  the  area  under  consideration. 

cereals. 


Wheat. 


Australian  (<?). 
-f  Clawson. 
Fultz  (S). 
Ladoga. 

4- American  Banner. 
Black  Tartarian. 
Lincoln. 


Red  Fife. 

Saskatchewan  Fife. 
Scotch  Fife. 


Oatfi. 


Welcome. 
White  Russian. 


Corn. 


Angel  of  Midnight, 
-f  Canadian  Eight-Row  Yellow  Flint. 
King  Philip. 
Longfellow. 


Pride  of  the  North. 

Squaw  (?). 

Stowell  Evergreen  (J  and  local), 


Barley. 

Eye. 

BuckicJieat. 

FRUITS.' 


Alexander. 
+ Bailey  <S«-<>e^  (s). 
-f  Baker. 
-fBaldwin. 


Apples. 


-f-Benoni  (s). 
-fBietigheimer  (s). 
-fBlenheim. 
-j-Blue  Pearmain. 


'  The  nomenclature  of  fruits  is  that  adopted  by  the  American  Pomological 
Society  (Bull.  6,  Div.  Pomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture,  1897).  Synonyms 
(indicated  by  parenthesis)  and  all  descriptive  terms  which  will  be  eliminated 
eventually,  are  printed  in  italics.  A  comma  indicates  a  transposition  of  p.art  of 
the  name. 


22 


LIFE    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 


FRUITS— continued. 


Apjjles— 

-f-Bnllocl:  (Aiuen'cuv  Golden  Jiiisset). 

-f  Canada  Reinette. 

+C'lienango  (.s). 

-f- Clyde  Beauty. 

+ Cogswell  (.s). 

-f  Dan  vers  (s). 

-|-Doniine  (s). 

4- Dutch  Mignonne  (.s). 

-f-Dyer  {I'omme  Roijal)  (s). 

-f  Early  Harvest. 

+ Early  Ripe  (.s). 

-f-Early  Strawberry  (.s). 

-f  Esopas  Spitzenhuvg. 

-I-Ewalt  (.s^). 

H-Fall  Pippin. 

+Fameuse. 

4  Garden  Royal. 

-f  Golden  Russet. 

-I-Golden  Russet  (N.  Y.)  (.s). 

-f  (xolden  Sweet. 

-|-  Gravenstein. 

-f  Green  S\veet. 

Haas  {Fall  Queen)    [Mississippi  Val- 
ley]. 
-fHightop  Sweet. 
-f-Hubbardston. 
4-Hunt  Russet. 
+Jefferis  (.s-). 
-j-.Tefferson  County. 
H-Jewett  Red. 
-f  Jonathan  (s). 
-f  Keswick  (s). 

Longfield. 
+Lowell  (.s). 
-f- Mcintosh. 

McMahon. 
-f-Maiden  Blush  (.s). 
-f  Margaret,  Karli/  Red  (s). 
-|-Melon,  Norton  {.s). 
+  Minister. 
^-Montreal  Peach, 
-f- Moore  Sweet  (.s). 


Continued. 

-f- Mother  (.s). 

H-Newtown  Spitzenburg  (.s-). 
-f-Northern  Spy. 
-{-Ohio  Nonpareil  (s). 

Oldenburg.  Duchess  of. 
-j-Ontario. 
-j-Peck  Pleasant. 
H-Perrj'  Russet. 

Pewaukee. 
-fPomme  Gris. 
H-Porter  (.s). 
+ Primate  (.s-). 

4- Pumpkin  Sweet  {Pound  Sweet). 
-|-Rambo  (.s). 
-f  Red  Astrachan. 
-fRed  Canada. 
4-Rhode  Island  Greening. 
-|-Ribston. 
-fRolfe. 

Roman  Stem. 
4-Roxbury. 
-j-Saint  Lawrence. 
+Scott  Winter. 
-f-Shiawassee. 
+Sops  of  Wine. 
4-Sterling  {AmeHcan  Beauty). 
4-Summer  Pearmain  {s). 
+Sutton. 
4-Swaar  (.s). 

Tetofski. 
-f-Tolman  Sweet. 
-f-Tompkins  King. 
4-T  wenty-Ounce. 
-f-Vandevere  (.s). 
4-Wagener. 

Wealthy. 

Westfield. 
-f  Williams  FavoHte. 
4-Wine,  Hays  {s). 

Wolf  River. 

Yellow  Transparent. 


Crab  apple.9. 


Beach. 

Brier. 
-f  Elgin. 

Excelsior. 

Gibb. 
-}-Hyslop. 

Martha. 

Marengo. 


Minnesota. 
Montreal. 
Orange. 
Red  Siberian. 
Transcendent. 
-I-Van  Wyck. 
Whitney  So.  20. 
Yellow  Siberian. 


THE    TRANSITION    ZONE, 


23 


FRUITS — continued. 


Cherries. 


-I-Archduke. 

Bessarabian. 
+Black  Heart  (s). 
-fButtner,  Yellow  (s). 
-|-Choisy,  Belle  cle. 
-(-Coe  Transparent  (s). 
+Donna  Maria  (s). 
-+Downer  (.s). 
H-Dyehouse  (s). 
-{-Eagle,  Black  (s). 
-{-Early  Purple  Guigne  (s). 
-j-Elton  (s). 

-f  Eugenie,  Empress  (s). 
-{-Florence  {s). 
-{-Hortense,  Reine  (.s). 
-fHovey  {s). 


Albert,  Prince. 
-I-Cherry. 
-{-Fay  Prolific  (s). 

Holland,  Long  Bunch. 
-{-London  Red  {s). 

Red  Dutch. 


Late  Kentish. 

Lutovka. 
-{-Magnifique,  Belle  (s). 
-{-May duke  (s). 
-(-Montmorency  Large, 
-{-Montmorency  Ordinaire. 

Morello,  English. 
-{-Napoleon  (s). 
-{-Olivet  (.s). 
-{-Philippe,  Louis  (s). 
-{-Plumstone  Morello  (.s). 

Richmond, 
-{-Tartarian,  Black. 
-{-Windsor. 
-{-Wood,  Governor. 


Cranberries. 
Currants. 


-f  Red  Grape. 
-{-Versaillaise. 

Victoria. 

White  Dutch. 

White  Grape. 


Black  currants. 


Champion  (s). 
English  (s). 


Agawam. 
H-Barry. 

Brighton. 

Champion. 

Clinton. 

Concord. 

Cottage. 
-fDiana, 

Lindley. 

-{-Andrews. 

-{-Angouleme,  Duchess  de  (s) 

H-Anjou  (s). 

-f  Bartlett  (s). 

-1-Bosc  (s). 

-{-Boussock  (s). 

-{-Brandy wine  (.s). 

-fBuffum, 

-|-Clairgeau  (s). 

4-Clapp  Favorite  (s). 


Naples  (s). 
-{-Wales,  PHnce  of  (.s). 


Grapes. 


-{-  Martha. 

Moore  Early. 
-{-Salem. 

Vergennes. 

Victor,  Early. 
-f  Wilder. 

Winchell  {Green  Mountain). 

Worden, 


P(?ar.s. 


-{-Columbia  (s). 

-{-Dana  Hovey  (s). 

+Diel. 

-{-Dix. 

-{-Elizabeth,  Planning. 

-(-Flemish  Beauty. 

-}-Fulton. 

+Giffard  («). 

-{-Goodale. 

-f  Ho  well  (s). 


24 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


FRUITS — continued. 
J\'(irs — Continued. 


+ Julienne  (s). 

-f  Lawrence  (.s). 

-f  Louise  lion  lie  dc  Jersey. 

-fLucnitive  (.v). 

-fMcLaughlin. 

-f  Madeleine  (.s). 

-f-]\ralines,  Josephine  tie  (s). 

-j  Onondaga  (s). 

+Osband  Summer  (s). 


-{-Arctic,  Moore. 

Aubert,  Yelhnr. 
-|-Bavay  Green  Gage. 

De  Soto. 
-t-Dianiond,  Black  (s). 

Downing,  Charles. 
-f-Drap  d'Or  (s). 
+Duane  Purple  (s). 
-j-Englehert  (.s). 

Forest  Garden. 
-f  German  Prune  (.s). 
-j-Golden  Drop,  Coe  (.s). 
-{-Grand  Duke  (.s). 

Green  Gage. 
-{-Hudson  River  Purple  Egg  (s). 
-f  Rulings  Supei'h  (s). 
-f  Imperial  Gage  (.s). 
-{-Jefferson  (.s). 
-{-Kingston  (s). 
-{-Lawrence  Favorite  (s). 

Lombard. 


-{-Pound. 
-{-Rostiezer  (.s). 
-{-Seckel  (.s). 
-)- Sheldon  (.s). 
-{-Souvenir  du  Congress  (s). 
i  Sterling. 

-{-Summer  Doyenne  (.s). 
-{-Tyson. 


Plums. 


-{-McLaughlin. 

Moldavka. 
-{-Monroe  Egg  (s). 
-f  Orleans  (s). 
-f  Ottoman  (s). 
-{-Pond  {Hungarian  Prune). 
-{-Purple  Gage  (.s). 
-fQuackenboss  («)• 

Richland. 

Rollings  tone. 
-{-Shrojishire  (s). 
-{-Smith  Orleans  (.s-)- 
-{-Transparent  Gage  (s). 
-{-Wales,  Prince  of  (s). 
-{-Wangenheim  (s). 
-{-Washington  (.s). 

Weaver. 

Wolf. 

Wyant. 

Yellow  Egg. 


Quinces. 

Orange  (Apple)  (s). 

Strawberries. 


Bubach  No.  f>. 

Crescent. 

Cuml)erland. 

Downing,  Charles. 

Eureka  (.s). 

Haverland. 

Jessie. 


Michel  PJarly  (s). 

Miner. 

Princess, 

Sharpless. 

Warfield. 

Wilson. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Fla.r  (s). 
IIo2)s. 

Maple  sugar. 
Sorghum  (s). 


Sugar  beet. 
Sweet  eorii. 
White  potatoes. 


THE    TRANSITION    ZONE.  25 

(b)  The  Arid  Transition  Faunal  Area. 

The  western  or  arid  division  of  the  Transition  zone  comprises  the 
western  part  of  the  Dakotas,  northern  Montana  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  southern  Assiniboia,  small  areas  in  southern  Manitoba 
and  Alberta,  the  higher  parts  of  the  Great  Basin  and  the  plateau 
region  generally  (except  the  Boreal  Mountains),  the  eastern  base  of 
the  Cascade-Sierra  system,  and  local  areas  still  farther  west,  in  Ore- 
gon and  California,  where  it  merges  into  the  humid  Pacific  Coast 
division. 

In  the  western  arid  Transition  area  the  true  sage  brush  (Artemisia 
tridentata)  is  the  prevailing  type  of  vegetation,  although  extensive 
tracts  are  covered  with  noble  forests  of  the  yellow  or  bull  pine  {Pinus 
ponderosa)  and  subspecies.^  The  sage  hen  aud  sharp-tailed  grouse, 
green-tailed  towhee,  white-tailed  jackrabbit  (Lepus  campestris),  pal- 
lid voles  (subgenus  Lagurus),  and  certain  ground  squirrels  are  char- 
acteristic species.  In  the  northern  i)arts  of  the  Great  Basin  (northern 
and  eastern  Washington,  northeastern  Oregon,  and  northwestern 
Idaho)  the  large  Columbia  or  Lewis  and  Clark  ground  squirrel  (Sj)er- 
mopliilus  coluinbianus)  is  common  in  the  Transition  zone,  whence  it 
ranges  northward  into  the  Boreal.  East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on 
the  northern  plains  (in  North  Dakota,  northern  Montana,  and  parts 
of  Assiniboia  and  Manitoba),  it  is  replaced  hy  a  verj'  different  spe- 
cies {S.  ricliardsoni),  which  resembles  a  small  i^rairie  dog  (Cyiiomys) 
so  closely  that  it  is  often  mistaken  for  that  animal. 

Crops  of  the  Arid  Transition  Faunal  Area. 

[Lists  very  incomplete.]  .  ^ 

CEREALS. 

Wlieat. 


Ladoga. 
Red  Fife. 

Saskatchewan  Fife  {2), 
Scotch  Fife. 

Oats. 

American  Banner. 
Black  Tartarian. 
Lincoln. 

Welcome. 
White  Russian. 

Corn. 

Angel  of  Midnight  (?).                                  Longfellow  (?). 

Canadian  Eight-Row  Yellow  Flint  (J) .      Squaw. 

King  Philip  (?).                                             Stowell  Evergreen  (2). 

'  Among  the  distinctive  humbler  plants  which  recur  throughout  the  pine  belt  from 
Arizona  to  Oregon  two  small  shrubs,  Berberis  repenn  and  Ceanothus  fendleri,  are 
conspicuous.  Gilia  aggregata.  a  small  plant  with  handsome  red  flowers,  is  also 
common  in  this  belt. 


26 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


CEREALS — continued. 


Barley. 

Rye. 

B^ickwheat. 

FRUITS.' 

Apjjlea. 

Alexander. 

Porter. 

Baldwin. 

Primate. 

Dutch  Mignonne. 

RambO. 

Dyer  (Pinnnic  Royal). 

Red  Astrachan. 

Early  Harvest. 

Rhode  Island  Greening. 

Early  Strawberry. 

Roman  Stem. 

Esopus  Sjntzenburg. 

Rome  Beauty. 

Fameuse. 

Roxbury. 

Golden  Russet. 

Sops  of  Wine. 

Golden  Sweet. 

Summer  Pear  main. 

Gravenstein. 

Swaar. 

Hightop  Street. 

Tetofski. 

Hubbard  st  on. 

Tolman  Street. 

Jefferis. 

Tompkins  King. 

Jonathan. 

Twenty-Ounce. 

Keswick. 

Wagener. 

Longfield. 

Wealthy. 

Lowell. 

Westfield. 

Maiden  Blush. 

Williams  Favorite. 

Monmouth. 

Wine,  Hays. 

Mother. 

Winesap.  (?) 

Newtown  Spitzenburg. 

Wolf  River. 

Northern  Spy. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 

Oldenburg,  Duchess  of. 

Yellow  Transparent. 

Pewankee. 

Cherries. 

Archduke. 

Ostheimer  Weichsel. 

Choisy,  Belle  de. 

Grapes. 

Wilder. 

Worden. 

Pears. 

Angoulenie.  DitcJiefis  de 

Easter  Beurre. 

An,iou. 

Flemish  Beauty. 

Bartlett. 

Lawrence. 

Bosc. 

Lucrative. 

Boussock. 

Onondaga. 

Brandy  wine. 

Osband  Suunner. 

Clairgeau. 

Seckel. 

Clai)p  Farorite. 

Tyson. 

Colunil»ia. 

Winter  Nelis. 

'  At  the  present  time  the  culture  of  fruits  enumerated  under  the  Arid  Transition 
faunal  area  is  confined  largely  to  western  Montana,  Idaho,  eastern  Washington, 
eastern  (Oregon,  and  parts  of  Utah. 


THE    TRANSITION    ZONE.  27 

FRUITS — continued. 

Plums. 

De  Soto.  Forest  Garden. 

Strawberries. 

Bubach  Xo.  5.  Jessie. 

Captain  Jack. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Wli  ite  potatoes. 

Flax. 

Sugar  beet. 

(c)  The  Pacific  Coast  Transition  Faunal  Area. 

The  humid  Pacific  Coast  division  of  the  Transition  zone  comi^rises 
the  western  parts  of  Washington  and  Oregon  between  the  coast  moun- 
tains and  the  Cascade  Range,  parts  of  northern  California,  and  most 
of  the  coast  region  of  California  from  near  Cape  Mendocino  south- 
ward to  the  Santa  Barbara  Mountains.  To  the  south  and  east  it 
passes  into  the  Arid  Transition,  and  in  lilaces  into  the  Upper  Sonoran. 

In  the  Pacific  Transition  area  unusual  conditions  prevail.  The 
region  as  a  whole  is  one  of  great  humidity,  and  in  places  on  the  north- 
west coast  the  annual  rainfall  reaches  100  inches.  The  northern  and 
more  humid  part  is  covered  bj'  a  magnificent  coniferous  forest,  car- 
peted Avith  moss  and  ferns,  and  often  choked  with  undergrowth. 
The  prevailing  trees  are  Douglas  fir,  Pacific  cedar,  Western  hemlock, 
and  Sitka  spruce,  whose  majestic  trunks  attain  an  average  height  of 
more  than  200  feet.  There  are  also  many  broad-leaf  maples,  tree 
alders,  madroiias  and  Western  dogwoods,  and  numerous  kinds  of 
shrubs,^  a  goodly  proportion  of  which  aspire  to  the  size  of  small  trees. 
Among  the  birds  which  inhabit  these  forests  are  the  dark  Pacific 
Coast  forms  of  the  great-horned,  spotted,  screech,  and  pigmy  owls, 
the  sooty  grouse  and  handsome  Oregon  ruffed  grouse,  Steller's  ja}',  the 
chestnut-backed  chickadee,  and  the  Pacific  winter  wren.  Among  the 
mammals  are  the  Columbia  black-tail  deer,  Western  raccoon,  Oregon 
spotted  skunk,  Douglas  red  squirrel,  Townsend's  chipmunk,  peculiar 
species  of  pocket  gophers  and  voles,  the  curious  Gibb's  mole,  and  the 
remarkable  tailless  sewellel  {Aplodontia  rufa). 

In  the  Puget  Sound  region  and  most  of  the  cultivated  parts  of 
western  Washington  the  annual  rainfall  is  50  to  60  inches;  in  western 
Oregon  it  is  still  less,  decreasing  in  the  AVillamette,  Umpqua,  and 
Rogue  River  vallej^s  from  about  50  to  less  than  30  inches.  -     In  the 

'Among  the  small  shrubs  perhaps  noae  are  more  characteristic  and  wide- 
spread than  the  salal  {Gaultheria  shaJlon),  thimble  berry  (Rubus  nootkanus), 
sahnon  berry  (Rubus  sj^ectabilis) ,  Oregon  grape  {Berberis  nervosa),  and  in  wet 
places  the  devil's  club  {Echinopanax  horridum). 

-Rainfall  of  the  Pacific  Slope  and  the  Western  States  and  Territories,  by  G-en. 
A.  W.  Greely,  Chief  Signal  Officer,  and  Lieut.  W.  A.  Glassford,  assistant,  1888. 


28  LIFE    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 

last -mentioned  valleys  the  sununer  rainfall  (May  to  September)  is  less 
than  5  inches,  while  in  western  Washington  (not  including  the  coast 
or  mountains)  it  varios  from  5  to  10  inches.  The  region  as  a  whole  is 
one  of  relatively  uniform  temx^eraturo,  the  wide  seasonal  differences 
usual  iu  other  parts  of  the  Transition  zone  being  unknown.  The 
temperature  of  the  summer  season,  the  hottest  part  of  the  year,  is 
pheuomeually  low  foi*  the  latitude,  enabling  northern  or  Boreal  types  to 
push  south  as  far  as  latitude  ^J5°.  On  the  other  hand,  the  summer  sea- 
son is  so  pi'olonged  (from  the  standpoint  of  temperature)  that  the  total 
(|uautity  of  heat  for  the  entire  season  is  phenomenally  high  for  the 
latitude,  enabling  southern  or  Austral  species  to  push  north  as  far  as 
Puget  Sound,  where  the  total  quantity  of  heat  is  even  greater  than  at 
Philadelphia,  Pittsburg,  Cleveland,  and  Omaha,  although  Puget 
Sound  is  500  miles  north  of  the  latitude  of  these  places.  Even  at 
C'ape  Flattery — the  extreme  northwestern  point  of  the  United  States — 
which  is  exposed  thronghout  the  j^ear  to  the  cold  coast  fogs,  the  total 
(juantity  of  heat  is  500°  F.  greater  than  at  Eastport,  3Ie.,  although 
the  latter  is  the  more  southern  locality  and  has  the  higher  mean 
summer  temperature.  The  low  summer  temperature  along  the  Pacific 
Coast  permits  northern  species  to  come  far  south,  while  the  high  sum 
total  of  heat  enables  southern  species  to  push  northward  as  far  as 
Puget  Sound.  Such  an  extensive  overlapping  of  Boreal  and  Austral 
faunas  does  not  occur  elsewhere  in  North  America,  and  for  the 
evident  reason  that  no  area  approaching  it  in  extent  has  so  equable  a 
temperature. 

Tn  most  pai'ts  of  the  United  States  it  is  easy  to  distinguish  the 
boundaries  between  the  Transition  and  Ui^per  Austral  zones,  but  in 
the  Pacific  Transition  area  these  distinctions  are  nearly  obliterated, 
a  large  pi'oi)ortion  of  the- species  ranging  in  common  over  both  belts. 

To  the  southward,  particularly  away  from  the  coast,  where  the 
Pacific  Transition  area  receives  less  moisture  and  more  summer  heat 
and  the  seasonal  changes  of  temperat  ui'e  are  greater,  the  faunal  rela- 
tions become  more  and  more  complex.  The  decrease  in  humidity 
allows  Arid  Transition  species  to  creep  in,  while  the  increase  in  total 
(juantity  of  heat  brings  with  it  a  marked  increase  in  the  number  of 
rpper  Souoran  species,  so  that  tyi>es  ordinai'ily  characteristic  of  the 
humid  Pacific  Transition,  the  Arid  Transition,  and  the  Upper  Sonoran 
occur  together.'  The  total  quantity  of  heat  in  most  parts  of  the  Wil- 
lamette and  liogue  Kivcu-  valleys  is  about  2,000°  F.  more  than  in 
tli(^  Puget  Sound  regicm,  and  is  as  great  as  on  the  adjacent  plains  of 
tlie  Columbia  and  slightly  greater  than  at  St.  Louis,  iMo.,  and  Wasli- 
ington,  I).  C. 

These  warmer  and  less  humid  parts  of  the  Pacific  Transition  area, 


'  TTood  Rivor,  at  tho  north  hase  of  the  Cascade  Ran.c:e  in  Oregon,  is  situated  in 
the  h«'lt  of  overlapping,  where  the  humid  Pacific  Transition  of  the  gorge  of  the 
Columbia  merges  into  the  arid  Upper  Sonoran  of  the  adjacent  Great  Basin. 


THE    TRANSITION    ZONE. 


29 


as  the  AVillaraette,  Umpqua,  and  Rogue  River  valleys  in  Oregon,  and 
numerous  small  areas  in  California,  are  adapted  to  a  much  wider 
range  of  agricultural  products  than  normal  parts  of  the  same  zone, 
and  are  conspicuous  for  the  large  number  of  Upper  Austral  fruits 
which  may  be  cultivated  with  success.  In  passing  southward  from 
the  Puget  Sound  region  this  increase  in  Austral  varieties  is  very 
marked,  but  it  is  poorly  indicated  in  the  following  list: 

Crops  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Transition  Faunal  Area. 


CEREALS. 

Wheat. 

Red  Fife  {2). 

Oats. 

American  Banner  {2). 

Welcome. 

Black  Tartarian  (,?). 

White  Russian. 

Lincoln  {2). 

Corn. 

King  Philip. 

Stowell  Evergreen  (2). 

Pride  of  the  North  (J). 

Buckicheat. 

fruits. 

Apples. 

Baldwin. 

Rambo  (.s-). 

Ben  Davis  («). 

Red  Astrachan. 

Blue  Pearmain. 

Red  June  (.s). 

Early  Harvest  {s). 

Rhode  Island  Greening. 

Esopus. 

Sops  of  Wine. 

Fall  Pippin  (.s). 

Swaar. 

Gravenstein. 

Tompkins  King. 

Jonathan  {s). 

Wagener. 

Keswick. 

Wealthy. 

Maiden  Blush. 

Winesap  (s). 

Monmouth. 

Yellow  Bellflower  (s). 

Northern  Spy. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin  {s) 

Oldenburg,  Duchess  of. 

Yellow  Transparent. 

Cherries. 

Advance,  California. 

Richmond  {Kentish). 

Bing. 

Rock  port. 

Centennial. 

Spanish,  Yelloiv. 

Coe  Transparent. 

Tartarian,  Black. 

Elton. 

Windsor. 

Lewelling  {Black  Republican). 

Wood,  Governor. 

Napoleon  {Royal  Ann). 

Cranberries. 

Currants. 

Black  Naples. 

Red  Dutch. 

Cherry. 

Victoria. 

Fay  Prolific. 

White  Grape. 

30 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


Concord. 
Isabella. 

Hale. 

Bartlett. 
Bosc  (.s). 
Boussock. 
Clairgeau  (.s). 
Clapp  Fnvorite 


FRUITS — continued. 

Gooseberriea. 

Grajics. 

Moore  Early. 
Peaclu'H. 
Peara. 

Flemish  Beauty. 

Seckel  (.s). 
Tyson  («). 
Winter  Nelis  (s). 

Plums  {including  prunes) . 


Agen  {French,  Petite,  etc.)  (.s). 

Columbia. 

Dosch. 

German  Prxnc. 

Golden  Drop,  Coe  {s). 

Golden  Prune  (s). 

Bnbacli,  No.  5. 
Clark  Seedling.^ 
Crescent. 
Everbearinij. 
Jessie. 


Italian  {Fellenherg)  {s). 
Pond  {Hungarian  Prune). 
Silver  Prune  (s). 
Tragedy  {s). 
Yellow  Egg. 


Straivberries. 


Monarch. 

Perry. 

Sharpless. 

Vick. 

Wilson  Albany. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Alfalfa  {s). 

Hops. 

Sugar  beet  («). 


Sweet  corn. 
White  potatoes. 

5.  THE  UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


The  Upper  Austral  zone  (colored  yellowish  on  the  map)  may  be 
divided  into  two  large  and  important  faunal  areas — an  eastern  Immid 
or  Carolinian  area  and  a  western  ai'id  or  Upper  Sonoran  area,  wliicli 
pass  insensibly  into  one  another  in  the  neigliborhood  of  the  one  hun- 
dredth meridian.     'Diey  may  be  described  separately. 

{a)  The  C'arolinian  Faunal  Area. 

Tlie  ('aroliniaii  faunal  area  (colored  ^^ellowish,  spotted  with  red,  on 
tlu^  map)  occupies  tlu^  larger  part  of  the  Middle  States,  except  the 
mountains,  covering  southeastern  South  Dakota,  eastein  Nebraska. 
Kansas,  and  part  of  Oklahoma;  nearly  the  whole  of  Iowa,  Missouri, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Maryland,  and  Delaware;  more  than  half  of 
West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  New  Jersey,  and  large 
areas  in  Ahibania,  Georgia,  the  Carolinas,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania, 

'Markedly  successful  at  Hood  River,  Oregon,  where  the  Pacific  or  humid  divi- 
sion of  the  Transition  zone  merges  into  the  arid  Upper  Sonoran. 


THE    UPPER    AUSTRAL    ZONE.  31 

New  York,  Michigan,  and  southern  Ontario.  On  the  Atlantic  coast 
it  reaches  from  near  the  moutli  of  Chesapeake  Ba}^  to  southern  Con- 
necticut, and  sends  narrow  arms  up  the  valleys  of  the  Connecticut 
and  Hudson  rivers.  A  little  farther  west  another  slender  arm  is  sent 
northward,  following  the  east  shore  of  Lake  ^Michigan  nearly  or  quite 
to  Grand  Traverse  Bay.  These  arms,  like  nearly  all  narrow  north- 
ward prolongations  of  southern  zones,  do  not  carry  the  complete 
faunas  and  floras  of  the  areas  to  which  they  belong,  but  lack  certain 
species  from  the  start  and  become  more  and  more  dilute  to  the 
northward  till  it  is  hard  to  say  where  they  really  end.  Their  north- 
ern boundaries,  therefore,  must  be  drawn  arbitrarily  or  must  be  based 
on  the  presence  or  absence  of  particular  species  rather  than  the  usual 
association  of  species. 

Counting  from  the  north,  the  Carolinian  area  is  that  in  which  the 
sassafras,  tulip  tree,  hackberry,  sycamore,  sweet  gum,  rose  magnolia, 
red  bud,  persimmon,  and  short-leaf  pine  first  make  their  appearance, 
together  with  the  opossum,  gray  fox,  fox  squirrel,  cardinal  bird,  Caro- 
lina wren,  tufted  tit,  gnatcatcher,  summer  tanager,  and  3'ellow-breasted 
chat.  Chestnuts,  hickory  nuts,  hazelnuts,  and  walnuts  grow  wild  in 
abundance.     The  area  is  of  very  great  agricultural  imi^ortance. 

Crops  of  the  Carolinian  Faunal  Area. 

Cereals  do  well  in  the  Carolinian  area,  particularly  wheat  and  corn. 
The  sugar  beet  is  an  imi^ortant  cro^)  in  the  northern  parts,  but  fails 
to  develop  sufficient  sugar  for  profitable  culture  in  the  southern  parts. 
Fruits  thrive  almost  everywhere,  and  in  great  variety,  as  shown  by 
the  following  list: 

CEREALS. 

Wheat. 

Clawson.  Mediterranean. 

Fnlcaster.  Turkey  Red  [Mississippi  Valley]. 

Fnltz.  Velvet  Chaff. 

Oats. 

Lincoln  (?).  Welcome. 

Red  Rust  Proof.  White  Russian  (J). 

Corn. 

Bloody  Butcher.  St.  Charles  White  [Mississippi  Valley] 

Golden  Dent  (J).  (J). 

Hickory  King  (i*).  Stowell  Evergreen. 

King  Philip  (J).  White  Gourd  Seed  {J). 

Learning. 


Barley. 

Rye. 

Buckicheat  (2). 


32 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


Arkansas  (Mnmvwth  Black  Twig). 

liailey  Street . 

liaklwin  {u). 

Ijehiiout. 

Ben  Uavis. 

Bi'noni. 

Bentley. 

Bonum. 

Bough,  Street. 

Bradford  Best  { Kentucky  Red). 

Broadwoll. 

Buckingham. 

Cannon  J't'drntaiu. 

Chaniplain  {Xtjack). 

Clayton. 

Cornell  Fancy. 

Cullasaga. 

Domhie  {ti). 

Dyer  {Pottime  Royal). 

Early  Cooper. 

Early  Harvest. 

Early  Joe. 

Early  Pennock. 

Early  Strawberry. 

EdwiXTd  Early. 

Esopus  (ri). 

Evening  Party. 

Ewalt. 

Fallawater. 

Fall  Orange. 

Fall  Pii)pin. 

Fall  Wine. 

Fanny. 

Fink. 

Fulton. 

Uilpin. 

Golden  Russet  (n). 

Golden  Sweet. 

Green  Cheese. 

Green  Newtown. 

Grimes  (i olden. 

Haas  {Fall  Qtieeti). 

Hewes  Crab. 

Higlitop  .S/rr(7  (Mississippi  Valley]. 

Hoover. 

Hor.se. 

Hubbardston  in). 

Jefferis. 

Jersey  Sweet. 

Jonathan  (//). 

July  (Fourth  of  Jitfy). 

Keswick. 


FRUITS. 

Apples. 

Kinnaird. 

Lady. 

Lady  Sweet. 

Lansingburg. 

Late  Strawberry. 

Lawver  {Delaware  Red  Winter). 

Limber  Twig. 

Lowell. 

McAfee. 

McLellan. 

Maiden  Blush. 

Mangum. 

Margaret,  Early  Red. 

Milam. 

Missouri  Pippin. 

Melon,  Norton  {n). 

Monmouth. 

Moore  Sweet. 

Mother. 

Newtown  Spitzenburg. 

Nickajack. 

Northern  Spy  {n). 

Ohio  Nonpareil. 

Oldenburg,  Duchess  of. 

Ontario  {n). 

Ortley. 

Otoe  (71). 

Perry  Russet  {n). 

Porter. 

Primate. 

Pryor  Red. 

Ralls  Genet. 

Rambo. 

Ramsdell  Sweet. 

Red  Astrachan. 

Red  June. 

Red  Scripe. 

Rhode  Island  (freening  {n). 

Romanite.  South . 

Roman  Stem. 

Rome  Beauty. 

Shockley. 

Smith  ( U'der. 

Smokehouse. 

Sops  of  Wine  (^O- 

Stark  (It). 

Summer  Pearmain. 

Sunnnev  Queen. 

Summer  Rose. 

Sutton  {n). 

Swaar  (70. 

Sweet  Winesap. 


THE    UPPER    AUSTRAL    ZONE. 


33 


FRUITS — continued. 

Apxjles — Continued. 


Tetofski. 

White  Pippin. 

Tompkins  King  {n). 

Willow  Twig. 

Trenton  Early. 

Wine.  Hays  (n). 

Tyventy-Ounce  {n). 

Winesap. 

Vandevere. 

Wythe. 

Wagener  («)• 

Yellow  Bellflower. 

Walbridge  {Edgar  Red  Streak). 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin  {Albemarle). 

Westfield  (ii). 

Yellow  Transparent. 

White  Juneating. 

York  Imperial. 

White  Pearmain. 

Crabapples. 

Hyslop. 

Transcendent. 

Martha. 

Yellow  Siberian. 

Apricots.  * 

Alexander  [Mississippi  Valley] . 

Harris. 

Breda. 

Hemskirke. 

Budd  [Mississippi  Valley] . 

Large  Early. 

Early  Golden. 

Moorpark. 

Gibb  [Mississippi  Valley]. 

Peach. 

Cherries. 

Archduke (n) 

Late  Kentish. 

Black  Heart. 

Magnifique,  Belle, 

Carnation. 

Mayduke. 

Choisy,  Belle  de. 

Morello,  English. 

Coe  Transparent  (n). 

Napoleon  {Royal  Ann). 

Downer  (n). 

Olivet. 

Dyehouse. 

Plumstone  Morello. 

Eagle,  Black. 

Richmond  {Kentish). 

Early  Purple  Giiigne. 

Rockport  {n). 

Elton  (n). 

Spanish,  Yellou: 

Eugenie,  Empress. 

Tartarian,  Black. 

Hortense,  Reine. 

Windsor  {n). 

Knight  Early. 

Wood,  Governor. 

Cranberries. 

[While  cranberries  are  an  important  crop  in  parts  of  New  Jersey  and  a  few  other 
States  within  the  general  boundaries  of  the  Carolinian  fauna,  they  grow  only  in 
cold  bogs  which  have  the  proper  temperature  of  the  Transition  or  even  Boreal 
zone.] 

Grajyes. 


Agawam  {n). 
Barry  (n). 
Brighton. 
Catawba. 
Champion. 
Clinton  {n). 


Concord. 
Cynthiana  (s). 
Delaware. 
Diamond  {n). 
Diana  («). 
Duchess. 


'  Of  little  account  in  the  Eastern  States, 
consequent  danger  from  frost. 
1002— No.  10 3 


because  of  too  early  flowv-ring,  with 


34 


LIFE    Z(3NES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 


FRUITS — continued. 


Grapes— Continued. 

Elvira  (s). 

Noah  [South  Mississippi  ValleyJ  (s) 

Goethe  (.<?). 

Norton  Vinjinia  (s). 

lona  ill). 

Pocklington  (n). 

Isabella. 

Prentiss  (n). 

Ives. 

Salem. 

Jefferson. 

Telegraph. 

LincUey. 

Ulster  (n). 

Missouri  Reisling  (.s).  ? 

Worden  (n). 

Moore  Fmi'Iij. 

Wyoming. 

Niagara. 

PeacJies. 

Alexander. 

Late  Rareripe. 

Beers  Smock. 

Morris  White. 

Bilyeu. 

Mountain  Rose. 

Chili,  Hills. 

Oldmixon  Cling. 

Early  Crawford. 

Oldmixon  Free. 

Elberta. 

Red  Cheek  Melocoton. 

Foster. 

Reeves  Favorite. 

George  IV. 

Richmond. 

Globe. 

Rivers. 

Golden  Drop. 

Sal  way. 

Grosse  Mignonne. 

Smock. 

Hale. 

Sneed. 

Heath  Cling. 

Stevens  Rareripe. 

Hoover. 

Strawberry. 

Kenrick  Heath. 

Stumj). 

Large  York. 

St.  John,  Yrllow 

Late  Admirable. 

Susquehanna. 

Late  Crawford. 

Nectarines. 

Boston. 

Stanwick. 

Elruge. 

Pears. 

Angouleme,  Duchess  de. 

Gray  Doyenne  (7O. 

Anjou  (//). 

Hosenschenk. 

Bartlett  (n). 

Howell. 

Bloodgood. 

Julienne. 

Bosc  («)• 

Kieffer. 

Boussock  (?i). 

Kirtland  (??). 

Brandy  wine. 

Lawrence. 

Buffuni  {ii). 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

Chambers. 

Lucrative  {n). 

Clairgeau  (n). 

Madeleine  {n). 

Clapp  Favorite  (n). 

Malines,  Josephine  de  («)• 

Columbia. 

Marguerite.  Petite  {n). 

Cornice,  Doi/cunc  du  {n). 

Mount  Vernon  («)• 

Diel. 

Napoleon  (n). 

Easter  licnrre. 

Onondaga  (n). 

(Tarbor. 

Osband  Summer. 

GifTard. 

Paradise  d'Automne  (n). 

THE    UPPER   AUSTRAL    ZONE. 


35 


FRUITS— continued. 
Pears — Continued. 


Rostiezer. 

Rutter. 

Seckel. 

Sheldon. 

Summer  Doyenne. 

Abundance. 

Agen  {French,  Petite,  etc.)  (n). 

Archduke  (»)• 

Bavay  Green  Gage  (n). 

Bleecker  Gage  (n). 

Bradshaw  {n). 

Burbank. 

Chabot. 

Clinton. 

Columbia  (h). 

Copper  («)• 

Damson. 

Diamond,  Black  (n). 

Drapd'Or  {n). 

Duane  Purple  {n). 

Englebert  («)• 

German  Prune  (»). 

Golden  Drop,  Coe. 

Grand  Duke  {n). 

Hand  {u). 

Hudson  River  Purple  Egg  (n). 

B-vdings  Sujicrb  (n). 

Imperial  Gage  («)• 

Italian  {Fellenherg)  {n). 

Jefferson. 

Kerr  {Hattankio  2) . 

Kingston  (n). 


Champion. 
Missouri  Mammoth. 
Meech. 


Superfin  (n). 

Tyson. 

White  Doyenne  in). 

Winter  Nclis. 

PluniH. 

L,3,vfve>ncQ  Favorite  (?i), 

Lombard. 

Miner. 

Monroe  Egg  (n). 

Newman. 

Ogon. 

Orleans  (n). 

Ottoman  (n). 

Peach  (n). 

Prince  Yellou: 

Purple  Favorite  {n). 

Purple  Gage  (n). 

Red  N agate. 

Richland. 

Robinson. 

Saratoga  (n). 

Saunders  (n). 

Satsuma. 

Shropshire. 

Smith  Orleans  (.'0. 

Transparent  Gage  (n). 

Washington  (n). 

Wales,  Prince  of  (n). 

Wangenheim  (n). 

Wild  Goose. 

Willard. 

Yellow  Egg  [n). 

Quinces. 

Orange  {Apple). 
Rea. 


Raspberries. 
Strawberries. 


Bubach  No.  5. 

Crescent. 

Cumberland. 

Downing,  Charles. 

Enhance. 

Eureka. 

Gandy. 

Greenville. 

Haverland. 


Jersey  Queen. 
Jessie. 

Michel  Early. 
Miner. 

Parker  Earle. 
Sandoval . 
Sharpless. 
Warfield. 
Wood,  Beder. 


36  LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 

NUTS. 

PetniKts '  (/i). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Cowpras.  Sugar  beet. 

Fla.v.  Sweet  potatoes  (Jt). 

Hemp  {Cannabis  satira).  Tobacco. 

Lima  beans.  White  potatoes. 

Sorghum. 

(b)  The  Upper  Sonoran  Faunal  Area. 

The  Upper  Sonoran  faunal  area  (colored  yellowish  without  spots  on 
the  map)  of  the  Western  States  and  Teri-itories  is  the  arid-land  con- 
tinuation of  the  Carolinian  ai'ea  of  the  more  humid  Eastern  States. 
Beginning  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian,  it 
covers  most  of  the  great  plains  in  eastern  Montana  and  Wj^oming, 
southwestern  South  Dakota,  western  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oklahoma, 
and  Texas,  and  eastern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  In  Oregon  and 
Washington  it  covers  the  plains  of  the  Columbia  and  the  Malheur 
and  Ilarney  plains;  in  California  it  encircles  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valle3\s  and  forms  a  narrow  belt  along  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  deserts;  in  Utah  it  covers  the  Salt  Lake 
and  Sevier  deserts;  in  Idaho  the  Snake  Plains,  and  in  Nevada  and 
Arizona  irregular  areas  of  suitable  elevation,  as  will  be  seen  by  the 
map.  Except  in  California,  the  most  conspicuous  vegetation  of  the 
Upper  Sonoran  areas  is  the  true  sagebrush  {Artemisia  tridentata), 
which,  however,  is  equally  abundant  in  the  Transition  zone.  Several 
of  the  so-called  'grease woods'  {Atriplex  confertifolia^  A.  canescens, 
A.  nuttall%  Tetradymia  canescens,  Sarcobcdus  vermiculatus^  and 
Orayia  spinosa)  are  characteristic  of  suitable  soils,  and  nut  pines 
(piiion)  and  junii^ers  occur  here  and  there,  mostly  on  the  mountain 
slox)es. 

Among  the  characteristic  birds  and  mammals  are  the  burrowing  owl, 
Brewer's  sparrow,  Nevada  sage  sparrow,  Lazuli  finch,  sage  thrasher, 
Nut  tail's  poor- will,  Bullock's  oriole,  rough- wiuged  swallow,  five-toed 
kangaroo  rats,  pocket  mice,  grasshopper  mice,  sage  chipmunk,  sage 
cottontail,  Idaho  rabbit,  black-tailed  jack  rabbit,  and  the  Oregon, 
Utah,  and  Townsend's  ground  squirrels.  Some  parts  of  the  Upper 
Sonoran  in  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho  have  so  hot  a  climate  that 
they  miglit  almost  be  considered  Lower  Sonoran,  The  localities 
referred  to  are  Alvord  Desert  in  southern  Oregon,  and  certain  parts 
of  the  valleys  of  the  Snake  and  Columbia  rivers,  including  the  lower 
part  of  the  canyon  of  the  Des  Chutes.  While  Alvord  Desert  is  a  direct 
continuation  of  the  Sonoran  deserts  of  Nevada,  the  areas  along  the 
Columbia    and    Snake   rivers   are    completely  isolated   and  widely 


'  Peamits  :ire  not  of  much  commercial  importancp  in  this  zone,  thouu:h  grown  on 
a  small  .stale  locally  in  Michigan,  Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  a  few 
other  States. 


THE    UPPER    AUSTRAL    ZONE. 


37 


removed,  geographieallj',  from  the  Lower  Sonoran.  Nevertheless,  hot 
stretches  in  these  vallej^s  have  been  reached  by  the  cam'on  wren 
(Ccdlierpes  mexicanus  conspersus)  and  other  southern  species,  and 
have  been  found  adapted  to  the  needs  of  a  number  of  Lowei*  Sonoran 
fruits.  Thus,  in  the  Snake  River  Valley  at  Lewiston,  Idaho,  and 
Almota,  Wash.,  almonds,  peanuts,  sweet  potatoes,  and  a  varietj^  of 
Lower  Austral  fruits  do  as  well  as  several  hundred  miles  farther 
south.  This  is  well  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  Sweetwater;  Alexan- 
dria, Muscat  of;  Mahiga;  Peru,  Bose  of;  Tokay,  Flame;  Zinfandel; 
and  Thompson  Seedless  grapes  thrive  in  this  part  of  the  valley. 

Crops  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Faunal  Area. 

The  Upper  Sonoran  area,  notwithstanding  its  aridity,  is  of  consid- 
erable agricultural  importance.  Fruits  and  cereals  succeed  wherever 
water  may  be  had  for  irrigation,  and  in  tlie  less  arid  parts  wheat,  corn, 
barle}',  and  rj^e  yield  their  heaviest  returns.  Kafir  corn  (a  kind  of 
millet)  thrives  without  irrigation,  particularly  on  the  great  plains,  and 
alfalfa  with  irrigation  matures  several  crops  a  year,  though  not  so 
many  as  in  the  Lower  Sonoran. 

cereals. 

Wheat. 

Red  Fife  (2). 
Sonora. 

Turkey  Red  (:?). 
Velvet  Chafle  (S). 


Australian. 
Fultz  (3). 
May  wheats  (o). 
Mediterranean  (2) . 


Lincoln  (2). 

Red  Rust  Proof  (2). 


Hickory  King  (3). 
King  Philip  {2). 
Learning  (2). 


Oats. 

Welcome  (2). 
White  Russian  (2). 

Corn. 

Pride  of  the  North  (3), 
Squaw  (3). 


Barley. 

Rye. 

FRUITS. 

Apples. 

Alameda,  Beauty  of. 

Esopus  Spitzeiiburg. 

Belmont. 

Fall  Jenneting. 

Ben  Davis. 

Fall  Orange. 

Blue  Pearmain. 

Fall  Pippin. 

Cook  Seedling. 

Fall  Wine. 

Dyer  {Ponime  Royal). 

Gloria  Mundi. 

Early  Harvest. 

Grolden  Russet. 

Early  Pennock. 

Golden  Sweet. 

Early  Strawberry. 

Grimes  Golden. 

38 


LIF?:    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 


FRUITS— continued. 


Appk's—i  'ontinned. 


Haas  {Fall  Qiieen). 

Hawthornden. 

Hiji^htop  Sweet. 

Holland  Pijtjtin. 

Hnbbardston. 

Jersey  Sweet. 

Jonathan. 

Keswick. 

Lady  Sweet. 

Lawver  {Delmcare  Red  Winter) 

Limber  Twig. 

Lowell. 

Maiden  Blush. 

McAfee. 

Marshall  Red  {Red  Bellflower). 

Missouri  Pippiti. 

Monmouth  Pippin  {Red  Cheek  Pippin) . 

Mother. 

Newtown  Spitzenburg. 

l^ickajack. 

Northern  Spy. 

Oldenburg,    Duchess  of. 

Porter. 

Primate. 

Ralls  (ienet. 


ing. 


Rambo. 

Red  Astrachan. 

Red  Canada. 

Red  June. 

Rhode  Island  (}, 

Roman  Stem. 

Rome  Beauty. 

Smith  Cider. 

Summer  Pearmain. 

Summer  Queen. 

Summer  Rose. 

Swaar. 

Tetofski. 

Tompkins  King. 

Twenty-Ounce. 

Wagener. 

Wealthy. 

Westfield. 

White  Pearmain. 

Wine,  Hays. 

Winesap. 

Wolf  River. 

Yellow  Bellflower. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin, 


Apricots. 


Alexander. 

Blenheim. 

Breda. 

Budd. 

Eureka. 

Gibbs. 

Hemskirke. 

Large  Early 

Montgamet. 


Alberge  de. 


Montgamet  Early. 

Moore  Early. 

Moorpark. 

Newcastle. 

Peach. 

Pringle. 

Royal  Golden,  Brier. 

St.  Ambroise. 

Vestal  Moorpark. 


Cherries. 


Archduke. 

Bing. 

Centennial. 

Choisy,  Belle  de. 

Cleveland. 

Early  Purple  dnigiif. 

Late  Duke. 

Lewelling  (Blaek  Repnbiiean). 

Maydnke. 

Montmorency  Large. 

Montmorency  Ordinaire. 


Morello,  English. 

Napoleon  {Royal  Ann). 

Olivet. 

Ostheimer,  Weiclisel. 

Richmond  (Kentish). 

Rockport. 

Si)anish.  Velloic. 

Tartarian.  Black. 

Thom])son  Seedling. 

Windsor. 

Wood.  (U>vernor. 


THE    UPPER    AUSTRAL    ZONE. 


39 


•  FRUITS — continued. 


Grapea 


Agawain. 

Alexandria,  Muscat  of  (k)'^ 

Black  FeiT-ara. 

Black  Hamburgh. 

Catawba. 

Chasselas,  Red. 

Chasseias  Rose. 

Concord. 

Delaware. 

Elvira. 

Emperor  (h), 

Isabella. 

Ives. 

Malaga  (h). 

Mas.sasoit. 

Alexander. 

Beers  Smock. 

Bih'en. 

Brandywine. 

Chair  Choice. 

Early  Ci'awford. 

Early  York. 

Elberta. 

Foster. 

Garey. 

Garfield. 

Globe. 

Golden  Cling. 

Garland,  Governor. 

Hale. 

Heath  Cling. 

Late  Crawford. 

LoveU. 

Malta. 


Hunt  Tawny. 


Angouleme,  Duchess  de. 

Anjou. 

Bartlett. 

Bosc. 

Bonssock. 

Brandywine. 

Clairgeau. 


Mission. 
Moore  Early. 
Xorton  Virginia. 
Pierce  {Isabella  Eegia), 
Peru,  Rose  of  (h). 
Prince.  Black. 
Royal  Muscatine  (h). 
Salem. 

Sweetwater  (h). 
Thompson  Seedless  (/<). 
Tokay,  Flame  (h). 
Victor,  Early. 
Worden. 
Zinfandel  (h). 


PeacJies. 


McKevitt  Cling. 

Muir. 

Newhall* 

Nichols  Cling. 

Orange  Cling. 

Picquet  Late. 

Reeves  Favorite 

Rivers. 

Runyon  Orange  Cling, 

St.  John,  Yellow. 

Sal  way. 

Smock. 

Strawberry. 

Stump. 

Susquehanna. 

Tuskena  (Tuscany). 

Waterloo. 

Wilkins. 


Xectai^ines. 

Red  Roman. 


Pears. 


Clapp  Favorite. 

Columbia. 

Dana  Hovey. 

Diel. 

Easter  Beurre. 

Flemish  Beauty. 

Glout  Morceau. 


'As  explained  on  page  '21.  varieties  marked  {h)  succeed  only  in  the  hottest  locali- 
ties, as  at  Lewiston  and  Almota,  in  Snake  River  Valley.  They  are  in  reality  not 
Upper  Sonoran  varieties  at  all,  but  belong  to  the  Lower  Sonoran  area. 


40 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CHOP  ZONES. 


Idaho  [local  in  Idaho]. 

Lawrence. 

Louise  Bonue  de  Jersey. 

Lucrative. 

Maricaret. 

Onondaga. 


Agen  {Freneh,  Petite 

Bavay  Green  Gage. 

Bradshaw. 

Cherry. 

Columbia. 

Clyinan. 

German  Prune. 

(i olden  Drop,  Coe. 

Golden  Prune. 

Imperial  Gage. 

Italian. 


Champion. 
Orange. 


etc. ) . 


Bubach  No.  5. 
Captain  Jack. 
Clark  Seedling. 
Crawford. 
Jessie. 


Combale,  Marron. 


Chaberte. 

Franqiiette. 

Mayette. 


Du  Chilly. 

Lambert. 

Piedmont. 


Alfalfa. 
Cou'pcas. 
Kafir  corn. 
Hemp. 
Lima  bea tis 


FRUITS — continued. 

Pears — Continued. 

Osband  Summer. 

Patrick  Barry. 

Seckel. 

Vicar  of  Winkfield. 

White  Doyenne. 

Winter  Nelis. 

Plnnis  {inelnding prunes). 

Kanawha. 

Lombard. 

McLaughlin. 

Peach. 

Pond  {Hungarian  Prune). 

Sergent,  Robe  de. 

Shropshire. 

Silver  Prune. 

Tragedy. 

Washington. 

Yellow  Egg. 

Quinces. 

Portugal. 

Raspberries. 

Strawberries. 

Longfellow. 
Monarch. 
Parker  Earle. 
Sharpless. 
Thompson  No.  7. 

NUTS. 

European  chestnuts. 

De  Lyon,  Marron. 

European  ivalnuts. 

Parisienne. 

Prueparturiens. 

Serotina. 

Filberts  and  hazelnuts. 

Purple  Leaf. 
Red  Aveline. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Sorghum. 
Sugar  beet  (»)• 
Street  potatoes. 
Talxtceo. 
White  pot <( toes. 


THE    LOWER    AUSTRAL    ZONE.  41 

6.  THE  LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 

The  Lower  Austral  zone  occupies  the  southern  part  of  the  United 
States,  from  Chesapeake  Bay  to  the  great  interior  valley  of  Califor- 
nia. It  is  interrupted  by  the  continental  divide  in  eastern  Arizona 
and  western  New  Mexico,  and  is  di^^ded,  according  to  conditions  of 
humidity,  into  an  eastern  or  Ausfrorijxirian,  and  a  western  or  Lower 
Sonoran,  area. 

(a)  The  Lower  Sonorax  Fauxal  Area. 

The  Lower  Sonoran  area  begins  with  the  arid  region  of  Texas  in  the 
neighborhood  of  latitude  98°,  and  stretches  westerly- to  the  Rio  Grande 
Yalle}',  in  which  it  sends  an  arm  northwest  to  a  i^oint  a  little  north 
of  Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.  Another  arm  reaches  up  the  valley  of  the 
Pecos.  West  of  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Xew  Mexico  the  Lower 
Sonoran  is  interrupted  hj  the  continental  divide.  It  begins  again  in 
eastern  Arizona  and  sweeps  broadly  westward  below  the  high  plateau, 
covering  southern  and  western  Arizona,  the  deserts  of  southern 
Nevada  and  eastern  California,  and  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento 
vallej's.  Followed  more  in  detail,  the  Lower  Sonoran  in  western 
Arizona  sends  a  narrow  tortuous  arm  eastward  in  the  Grand  Canyon 
of  the  Colorado,  which  expands  to  cover  the  lower  levels  of  the 
Painted  Desert,  and  another  arm  northward,  which  enters  the  extreme 
southwestern  corner  of  L'tah,  where  it  is  restricted  to  the  St.  George 
or  lower  Santa  Clara  Valley,  and  is  of  much  agricultural  importance.^ 
From  western  Arizona  it  spreads  over  southern  Xevada,  pushes 
northerl}'  into  Pahranagat  Valley,  sends  an  arm  by  way  of  Oasis  and 
Sarcobatus  valleys  all  the  way  to  the  sink  of  the  Humboldt  and  Car- 
son rivers,  fills  the  whole  of  Death,  Panamint,  and  Saline  valleys  and 
part  of  Owens  Vallej',  and  thence  curving  southwesterly  follows  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Xevada,  Tehachapi,  and  Tejon  mountains, 
and  covers  the  whole  of  the  Mohave  and  Colorado  deserts  and  all  the 
rest  of  southern  California  except  the  mountains.  It  sends  an  arm 
southward  over  most  of  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California,  and 
another  northward  over  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys. 

The  Lower  Sonoran  area  com i3 rises  the  most  arid  deserts  of  Xorth 
America,  and  is  characterized  by  a  fauna  and  flora  of  extreme  inter- 
est. Among  the  commoner  plants  are  the  creosote  bush,  mesquites, 
acacias,  cactuses,  yuccas,  and  agaves.  Among  the  characteristic 
birds  are  the  mockingbird,  road  runner,  cactus  wren,  canyon  wren, 
desert  thrashers,  hooded  oriole,  black-throated  desert  sparrow,  Texas 
nighthawk,  and  GambeFs  quail.  Among  the  distinctive  mammals 
are  the  four-toed  kangaroo  rats,  Sonoran  pocket  mice,  long-eared 
desert  fox,  and  the  big-eared  and  tiny  white-haired  bats.  The 
region,  Avherever  water  may  be  had  for  irrigation,  is  of  great  agricul- 
tural importance,  particularly  for  fruit. 

^  Cotton,  tobacco,  raisin  gi'apes,  almonds,  olives,  figs,  and  other  Lower  Sonoran 
crops  are  raised  successfully  in  the  St.  George  Valley. 


42 


LIFE    ZONKS    AND    CROP    ZONES. 


Crops  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Faunal  Area. 


Raisin  and  wine  grapes,  oranges,  lemons,  olives,  prunes,  peaches, 
apricots,  Knglisli  walnnts,  and  almonds  are  among  tlie  important 
products  of  tlic  Lower  Sonoran  area,  and  the  fig  rii)ens  several  crops 
each  year.  Although  too  far  south  for  the  highest  development  of 
cereals,  several  varieties,  as  the  Australian  and  Sonora  wheats,  the 
red  rust-proof  oats,  and  the  white  gourd  seed  corn,  do  well.  Cotton, 
tobacco,  pyrethrum,  and  the  opium  popp}"  thrive  in  ceilain  localities, 
and  alfalfa,  cowpeas,  and  canaigre  (a  plant  valuable  for  tanning)  do 
better  than  in  any  other  area. 

cereals. 
Barley  {2). 
Corn. 
Oats. 
Rye  {2). 
Wheat. 
Australian.  Sonora. 


White  Gourd  Seed  (.?). 
Red  Rust  Proof  {2). 


FRUITS. 


Ai'ocado  {Aguacate).  (h)^ 
Apples. 


Marshall  Red  (Red  Bellflower). 

Sexton  Golden. 

Skinner  Seedling  (Santa  Clara 

Yellow  Bellflower. 
Yellow  Newtown  Pip^nn. 
King). 

Apricots. 

Breda. 

Hemskirke. 

Hinds  Seedling. 

Montgamet,  Alberge  de. 

Montgamet  Early. 

Moorpark. 

Peach. 

Early  Purple  Ouigne. 

Roman. 

Royal. 

Royal  Golden,  Brier. 

Sparks. 

St.  Ambroise. 

Vestal  Moorpark. 

Cherries. 
Carol). 

Cherimoyer.(hy 

' 

Citron. 

Dates,  (hy 

'  Tiiere  are  several  hot  p(x;kets  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  in  which  troi)ical  or  arid 
tropical  fruits  may  be  grown  with  greater  or  less  success.  The  bt  st  known  of 
these  is  near  Santa  Barbara.  Calif.,  where  the  following  are  said  to  flourish:  Avo- 
cado (Persid  gnitissima),  capullin  (Primus  capidi).  cherimoyer  {A)iona  cheri- 
vtolia),  kai-apple  (Aberia  caff  ra) .  mango  (Ma  ng  if  era  indica),  Moreton  Bay  chest- 
nut (C'«.s7a«o.s^><'r>/<«wi  au.strale),  pepino  (Solanum  vutr  tea  lion),  (Queensland  nut 
(Macadamia  ternifolia),  rose  apple  (Eugenia  Jambos),  sapodilla  (Acliras  sapota), 
tree  tomato  (Cyplioniandra  brtacra),  and  zapcto  bianco  (Casiniiroa  edidis). 


THE    LOWER    AUSTRAL    ZONE. 


43 


FRUITS — cou  tinned. 


Figs. 


Adriatic. 
Brnnswick. 
Dn  Roi. 
Genoa.  White. 
Gentile. 
Iscliia.  WJiite. 


Alexandria,  Muscat  of. 

Black  Hamburg. 

Emperor. 

Feher  Szagos, 

Gordo  Blanco. 

Herbemont. 

Hnasco. 

Malaga. 

Mission. 


Cattley  ( Stra  wherry  j 


Eureka. 
Genoa. 


Mexican. 


Satsnma. 


Black  Spanish. 
Downing. 


Bahia  {Washington  Navel). 
Hart  Late  [Excelsior). 
Malta  Blood. 
Maltese  Oval. 
Mediterranean  Sweet. 


Marseillaise,  White. 

Mission.  Bkick. 

Monaco  Bianco. 

Smyrna. 

San  Pedro  Black. 

Turkey,  Brown. 

Granadilla. 

Grapes. 

Muscat- Hamburg. 

Pern.  Rose  of. 

Prince,  Black. 

Sultana. 

Sweetwater  {Fontaiuebleau). 

Thompson  Seedless. 

Tokay.  Flame. 

White  Muscat. 

Zinfandel. 

Gua  vas. 

Chinese  (Mexican). 

Japanese  persimmons. 

[Numerous  varieties.  ] 

Jujube. 

Kumquat. 

Lemons. 

Sicily. 

Villa  Franca. 

Limes. 

Tahiti. 

Loquat. 

Mandarin  oranges. 

Tangerine. 

MulberHes. 

Persian. 

Olives. 
[Numerous  varieties.] 

Orange.^. 

Paper  Rind  St.  Michael. 
Ruby  Blood. 
St.  Michael. 
Valencia  Late. 


44 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES 


FRUITS — continued. 
Peaches. 


Alexander. 

Early  Crawford  (?i). 

Early  York. 

Elberta. 

Foster  {u). 

Garland,  Governor. 

Hale. 

Heath  Cling. 


Boston. 

Downton. 

Early  Newington. 


Angouleme,  Duchess  de. 

Bartlett. 

Bosc. 

Boussock. 

Brandy  wine. 

Clairgeaii. 

Easter  Beurre. 

Glont  Morceau. 

Howell  ^?).' 

Lawrence. 


Henrietta. 

Late  Crawford  (n). 

Lemon  Cling. 

Muir. 

St.  John,  VcUow. 

Strawberry. 

Sus(iuehanna. 


Nectarines. 


Early  Violet. 

Elruge. 

Hardwicke. 


Pears. 


Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

Lucrative. 

Patrick  Barry. 

Pound. 

Seckel. 

Super  fin. 

Tyson  (?).' 

White  Doyenne. 

Winter  Nelis. 


Pepino  {Solaninn  mnricatuvi). 
Pineapple  (F).' 
Pomegranates. 

Ponieloes. 

[Several  varieties] 

Plums  {including  pinines). 


Agen  {French,  Petite,  etc. 
Caddo  Chief. 
Columbia. 
El  Paso. 
German  Prune. 
Golden  Drop,  Coe. 

Australian  Crimson. 

Burt. 

Longfellow. 


Italian  {Fellenberg). 

Jefferson. 

Peach. 

Sergent,  Pohe  de. 

Simon  {Prunus  simonii). 


Strau'herrie 


Monarch. 
Sharpless. 


Tain(trind. 


'The  interrogation  point  (?)  signifies  that  the  variety  or  species  so  marked  is 
included  in  the  list  upon  information  sufficiently  positive  to  make  such  inclusion 
necessary,  but  lacking  such  full  verification  as  would  permit  the  listing  without 
(lualification. 


THE    LOWER    AUSTRAL    ZONE. 


45 


NUTS. 


Almonds. 

Blowers. 

McCoy. 

Brier. 

Ne  Plus  Ultra. 

Drake. 

Nonpareil  (Exti-a). 

Golden  State. 

Paper  Shell. 

Gray  [southwest  Utah] . 

Routier,  Xew. 

HaiTiott. 

Soft  Shell,  Routier. 

IXL. 

Supremo, 

King  Soft  Sliell 

Tarragona. 

Languedoc. 

Twin,  Routier. 

Lewelling. 

Europeai 

I  walnuts. 

Bijou. 

Maj-ette. 

Chaberte. 

Mesange  {Paper  Shell). 

Cluster. 

Mission  (Los  Angeles) 

Ford. 

Parisienne. 

Franquette. 

Prctparturiens. 

Gant  (Bijou). 

Santa  Barbara. 

Kaghazi. 

Serotina. 

Pea 

nuts. 

Pecans. 

Pistachio  nut. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Alfalfa. 

Opium  poppy. 

Black  leattle  (Acacia  decarrens). 

Pyrethrum. 

Canaigre  {Rxiinex 

hyvienosepalus) . 

Ramie. 

Castor-oil  bean. 

Roselle  (Hibiscus  sabdariffa) 

Cork  oak  (Quercus  siiber). 

Sorghum. 

Cotton. 

Sugar  cane. 

Cou'peas. 

Su-eet  potatoes. 

Flax  (seed). 

Tagasaste  ( Cytisxis). 

Hemp. 

Tobacco. 

Mustard. 

(h)  The  Austroripariax  Faunal  Area. 

The  Austroriparian  area  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  South 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States.  Beginning  near  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  it  covers  half  or  more  than  half  of  Virginia,  Xorth  and  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  the  whole  of  Mississippi  and 
Louisiana,  eastern  Texas,  nearly  all  of  Indian  Territorj^  more  than 
half  of  Arkansas,  and  parts  of  Oklahoma,  southeastern  Kansas,  south- 
ern Missouri,  southern  Illinois,  the  extreme  southwestern  corner  of  In- 
diana, and  the  bottom  lands  of  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  The 
long  leaf  and  loblolh'  pines,  magnolia,  and  live  oak  are  common  on  the 
uplands;  the  bald  cj'press,  tupelo,  and  cane  in  the  swamps.  Here  the 
mocking  bird,  painted  bunting,  prothonotarj^  warbler,  red-cockaded 
woodpecker,  chuck-wills-widow,  and  the  swallow-tail  and  Mississippi 
kites  are  characteristic  birds,  and  the  southern  fox  squirrel,  cotton 
rat,  rice-field  rat,  wood  rat,  and  free- tailed  bat  are  common  mammals. 


4b  J.IFE    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 

Croi»s  of  the  Austroriparian  Faunal  Area. 

This  is  the  zone  of  tlie  cotton  plant,  sugar  cane,  rice,  pecan,  and 
peanut,  and  of  the  scuppernong  grape  and  oriental  pears  (Le  Conte 
and  Kieffer).  The  more  important  crops  are  mentioned  in  the  follow- 
ing list: 

cereals. 

Barley  (^). 

Com. 


Golden  Dent. 
Hickory  King. 
Leaniinu  (.'). 
Mosbv  Prolific. 


Burt. 


Fultz  (2). 

May  wheats  [away  from  coast]. 


Bonum  (n). 

Bradford  Best  (Kentucky  Red). 

Bruce. 

Buckingham. 

Cannon  Pcannain. 

Carter  Blue. 

Champhiin  {Nyack)  (n). 

Clark  Pearmain. 

Cornell  Fancy  (n). 

Cracking. 

CuUasaga. 

Disharoon. 

Farrar  (Robinson  Sujjcrb). 

Ferdinand. 

Gilpin  (n). 

Green  Cheese. 

Hall. 

Hockett. 

Hoover  (?i). 

Horn. 

Horse. 

Jennings. 

.Julian. 

,Tuly  (Fourth  ofJidi/)  (n). 

.lunaluskee. 

Limber  Twig  (n). 

McAfee  (n). 


•St.  Charles  White  (J)  [Mississippi  Val- 
ley]- 
Stowell  Evergreen  (2). 
White  Gourd  Seed. 

Oats. 

Red  Rust  Proof.    . 
Rye  (2). 
Wheat. 

Mediterranean  (3). 

fruits. 


Apples. 


Mangum. 

Manomet. 

Mason  Stranger. 

Mattamuskeet. 

Maverack. 

Nansemond. 

Nickajack  (n). 

Oconee. 

Oldenburg,  Duchess  of. 

Ralls  Genet. 

Red  Astrachan. 

Red  June. 

Romanite,  South. 

Shockley. 

Stephenson. 

Switzer  |  Mississippi  Valley] 

Taunton. 

Watson. 

Waugh  Crab. 

White  Juneating. 

Willow  Twig. 

Winesap  (n). 

Yates. 

Yellow  .Tune. 

Yellow  Transparent. 

Yoi)p. 

York  Imperial  {n). 


THE    LOWER    AUSTRAL    ZONE. 


47 


FRUITS — continued. 


Apricots. 


Breda. 

Earl 3"  Grolden. 

Hemskirke. 

Moorpark. 

Mnsch. 


Archdnke  {n). 
Black  Heart  («)• 
Choisy.  Belle  de  («)• 
Early  Purple  Guigne  (n). 
Late  Duke  (?<)• 


Orange. 

Royal. 

St.  Ambroise. 

Turkev. 


Cherries. 


Magnifique.  BeUe  (n). 
May  duke  (??)• 
Morello,  English  («)• 
Richmond  {Kentish)  (n). 


Chinese  quince. 
Deicberry. 

Lucretia. 


Fi^s. 


Brunswick. 
Green  Ischia. 


Turkev.  Brown. 


Grapes.- 


Berckmans. 

Lenoir. 

Brighton  {n). 

Lindley  (m). 

Brilliant  [Mississippi 

Valley] 

Missouii  Reisling  [Mississippi  Valley] 

Catawba. 

Moore  Early  {n). 

Cynthiana. 

Niagara  («). 

Delaware  («). 

Norton  Virginia. 

Diamond,  Moore  (n). 

Salem  («)■ 

Elvira. 

Scupi>emong. 

Flowers. 

Tenderpulp. 

Goethe  (n). 

Thomas. 

Herbemont. 

Triumph. 

Jefferson  («). 

Wyhe.  Peter. 
Japanese  persimmons. 

Costata. 

Okame. 

Hachiya. 

Yemon. 
Mulberries. 

Downing. 

Stubbs. 

Hicks. 

'Apricots  are  too  often  injured  by  late  spring  frosts  to  he  a  profitable  crop  in 
the  Austroriparian. 

-Varieties  followed  by  the  letter  («)  belong  to  the  Carolinian  area,  but  thrive 
also  along  the  upper  edge  of  the  Austroriparian. 


48 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


FRLITS — continued. 


PcdcJu 


Alexander  (n). 

Amelia. 

Austin. 

Blood  Cling. 

Blood  Free. 

Cabler  Indiati. 

Chinese  CHjkj. 

Coin  ml  )i  a. 

Early  Crawford  (n). 

Early  York  (u). 

Elberta. 

Hale  (n). 

Heath  Clhuj  (n). 


Angouleme,  Duchess  de  (n). 

Garber. 

Julienne  (n). 

Kieffer. 

Lawrence  (n). 


Abundance  (Botan). 

Berckmans. 

Burbank. 

Caddo  Chief  [western] . 

Caradeuc,  De. 

Chabot. 

Cumberland. 

El  Paso  [western]. 

Georgeson  iUdttanh'io). 

Golden  Beauty. 

Kerr  {Hattankio  2). 


Bubach  Ao.  5  (n). 

Cloud  [Mississippi  Valley]. 

Crescent. 

Gandy  {)i). 

Hoffman. 


Hoover. 

Kerr,  Jessie. 

Late  Crawford. 

Lee,  Generdl. 

Lemon  Cling. 

Mountain  Rose  (v). 

Oldmixon  Cling  (n), 

Pallas. 

Picquet  Late. 

Sneed. 

St.  John.  Yellow. 

Tharber. 

Tillotson. 


Pears. 


Le  Conte. 
Magnolia. 
Rostiezer  (»)• 
Seckel  {n). 
Tyson  (??). 


Plunif 


Indian  Chief. 

Lone  Star. 

Marianna. 

Miner. 

Newman. 

Red  Nagate. 

Satsuma. 

Transparent,  Yellotr 

Weaver. 

Wild  Goose. 


Pomegranates. 
Strawberries. 


Michel  Early. 

Parker  Earle. 

Thompson,  Lady. 

Wartield  [Mississippi  Valley]. 


NUTS. 

Almonh.^ 

English  walnuts. 

Pecans. 

Peanuts. 


Almonds  are  grown  in  the  Austroriparian  area,  but  are  not  a  commercial  success. 


THE  LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE.  49 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Castor  bean.  Sorghum. 

China  graas.  Sugar  cane. 

Cotton.  Siceet  potatoes. 

Cowpeas.  Tea.^ 

Jute.  Tobacco. 

Lima  beans.  Turpentine. 
Rice. 

(c)  Semitropical  or  Gulf  Strip. 

The  Gulf  strip,  or  southern  part  of  the  Austroriparian  area  (col- 
ored orange  on  the  map),  reaches  from  Texas  to  southern  Florida, 
covers  a  narrow  strip  in  southern  Georgia,  and  probabh'  follows  the 
coastal  lowlands  northward  into  South  Carolina,  though  not  so  indi- 
cated on  the  map.  It  has  a  semitropical  climate  and  is  the  home  of  a 
number  of  plants  and  animals  not  found  farther  north,  among  which 
are  the  cabbage  palmetto,  Cuban  pine,  ground  dove,  white-tailed  kite, 
Florida  barred  and  screech  owls.  Chapman's  nighthawk,  the  Florida 
and  boat-tailed  grackles,  and  several  small  mammals. 

Crops  of  the  Semitropical  or  Gulf  Strip. 

The  Gulf  strip,  though  small  in  area,  is  of  very  great  importance 
from  the  standpoint  of  agriculture  and  horticulture.  It  is  the  belt  in 
Avhich  rice,  sugar  cane,  and  the  much-prized  Sea  Island  cotton  are  pro- 
duced in  greatest  quantity  and  value;  and,  as  a  fruit  belt,  has  no 
competitor  except  the  Lower  Sonoran  areas  of  California  and  Arizona. 
Bitter  oranges,  loquats,  granadillas,  figs,  Japanese  persimmons,  pecan 
nuts,  and  numerous  varieties  of  peaches  and  grapes  thrive  here,  and 
the  citrus  fruits  (oranges,  mandarins,  lemons,  limes,  and  shaddocks) 
are  grown  successfully  in  the  warmer  parts,  particularly  in  peninsular 
Florida,  but  in  the  northern  parts  have  suffered  severelj^  from  frosts. 
The  more  important  agricultural  products  are  mentioned  in  the  fol- 
lowing list : 

citrus  fruits. 

Bergamot  oranges  (P)^. 

Bitter  oranges. 

Lemons  (P) . 

Belair.  Sicily. 

Eureka.  Villa  Franca. 

Genoa. 


'  Tea  is  grown  successfully  at  Summerville,  near  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  would 
doubtless  thrive  in  other  parts  of  the  Austroriparian  belt;  but  the  cost  of  pick- 
ing the  leaves  is  so  great  as  to  discourage  its  general  cultivation. 

'^  The  letter  (P)  indicates  that  the  fruit  after  which  it  is  placed  is  cultivated  suc- 
cessfully in  peninsular  Florida  only,  except  in  a  few  cases  where  it  thrives  also 
in  the  Mississippi  delta  below  New  Orleans. 
1002— No.  10 4 


50 


LIFK  ZONK^  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


Cloopatra  (/*). 
Djiiicy  Titnijcrhic  (P). 
Kmg(/'). 


CITRUS  FRUITS— continued. 

Mandarins. 

Satsuma. 
Tangeroiia(P). 


Oranges  (P). 


Bahia  {Wnshuujton  Navel), 

Beach  No.  '>. 

Bessie. 

Boone  Early. 

Buttercourt. 

Centennial. 

Circassian. 

Colniar. 

Cunningham. 

Drake  Stdr. 

Dulcissima. 

Du  Roi. 

Foster. 

Hart  Late  (Excelsior), 

Higley  Late. 

Imperial  Blood. 

Jaffa. 


Aurantium. 
Blood. 

Forbidden  Fruit. 
Hart. 
Josselyn. 


Jaffa  Blood. 
Lamb  Summer. 
Magnum  Bonum. 
Maltese  Oval. 
Mediterranean  Sweet. 
Nonpareil. 
Oblong,  Early. 
Old  Vini. 
Parson  Brown. 
Pineapple. 
St.  Michael. 
St.  Michael  Blood. 
Star  Calyx. 
Thorpe  Trophy. 
Valencia  Late. 
Vinous,  Madame. 


Poineloes  (P). 


Jennings. 


Adriatic,  \Vliif< 
Celestial. 


Elvira. 
Flowers. 
Herbemont. 
Scupi)ernong. 


Mammoth. 
Seedless. 
Triumph. 
Walter. 


OTHER   FRUITS. 

Apples. 

Red  Astrachan. 

Chinese  quince. 

Detvberry. 

Lucretia. 

Figs. 

Magnolia. 
Marseillaise,  White. 

Gi^ajiadillas. 


Grapes. 


Tenderpulp. 
Thomas. 
Wylie,  Peter. 


Cattley  (Strawberry). 


THE    TROPICAL    REGION. 

OTHER  FRUITS— continued. 
Guavas  (P.). 

Chinese  (Mexican). 
Japanese  persimmons. 


51 


Costata. 

Tane  Nashi. 

Hachiya. 

Tsuro. 

Hiyakume. 

Yedo-ichi. 

Kurokuma. 

Yemen. 

Okame. 

Zengi. 

Kumquats  (P.). 

Loquats. 

Peaches. 

Angel. 

Gibbon. 

Bidwell  Early  (P.). 

Honey. 

Bid  well  Late  (P.). 

Imperial. 

Cabler  Indian. 

Maggie  Burt. 

Climax. 

Onderdonk. 

Countess. 

Pallas. 

Early  China  (P.). 

Peento(P.). 

Ferdinand. 

Waldo. 

Florida  Crawford. 

Pears. 

Garber. 

Le  Cont«. 

Kieflfer. 

Magnolia. 

Plums. 

Kelsey. 

Wild  Goose.' 

Satsuma. 

Pomegranates. 

Strawberries. 

Hoffman. 

Neunan. 

Michel  Early. 

Thompson.  Lady. 

NUTS. 

Peanuts. 

Pecans. 

MISCET.T,A\EOUS. 

China  grass  [for  fiber]. 

SorgJium. 

Cotton. 

SiLgarcane. 

Jute. 

Sweet  potatoes. 

Rice. 

Tobacco. 

Sea  Island  cotton. 

7.  THE  TROPICAL  REGION. 

The  Tropical  region  within  the  United  States  is  of  small  extent  and 
is  restricted  to  three  widelj'  separated  localities — southern  Florida, 
extreme  southeast  Texas  (along  the  lower  Rio  Grande  and  Gulf  coast), 


52  LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 

and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Colorado  River  in  Arizona  and  California. 
Tlie  Florida  area  is  genuine  hiiinid  tropical;  the  Texas  and  Arizona- 
California  areas  are  dilute  arid  tropieal. 

Among  the  tropical  trees  that  grow  in  southern  Florida  are  the  royal 
palm,  Jamaica  dogwood,  manchineel,  mahogany,  and  mangrove;  and 
among  tlic  birds  are  the  caracara  eagle,  white-crowned  pigeon,  zenaida 
dove,  quail  doves,  a  l^ahama  vireo,  and  the  Bahama  honey  creeper. 
The  absence  of  characteristic  tropical  mammals  and  the  relatively  small 
number  of  tropical  birds  in  Florida  is  due  to  the  lack  of  land  connec- 
tion with  other  tropical  areas;  while  the  presence  of  the  jaguar,  ocelot, 
and  othei"  t  ropical  cats,  the  armadillo,  and  a  considerable  number  of 
troi)ical  ])irds  in  southeastern  Texas  is  the  direct  result  of  the  continu- 
ous extension  of  the  Tamaulipan  arid  tropical  fauna  from  Mexico  into 
Texas.  The  extension  of  the  arid  tropical  along  the  lower  Colorado 
and  Gila  rivers  is  over  a  desert  region  of  such  excessive  aridity  that 
only  desert  mammals  and  birds  can  live  there.  The  flora  has  not  been 
sufficiently  studied,  but  is  characterized  by  giant  cactuses,  desert  aca- 
cias, palo  verdes,  and  the  Washington  or  fan-leaf  palm. 

Crops  of  the  Tropical  Region. 

With  irrigation  the  arid  tropical  areas  are  found  to  be  as  produc- 
tive as  the  humid  tropical,  but  they  have  been  cultivated  so  short  a 
time  that  their  capabilities  can  only  be  inferred  from  the  circumstance 
that  bananas,  citrons,  dates,  guavas,  lemons,  loquats,  oranges,  and 
Mexican  limes  do  well  in  the  Arizona-California  arm.  No  informa- 
tion is  at  hand  relating  to  the  Texan  or  Tamaulipan  arm. 

Tropical  Florida,  witli  its  handsome  cocoanut  palms  and  extensive 
banana  fields,  has  been  longer  under  cultivation,  but  its  full  capacity 
is  still  unknown,  and  the  following  list  must  be  regarded  as  far  from 
complete : 

Crops  of  Tropical  Florida. 

citrus  fruits. 

Bergavwt  Orange  {Citrus  hergaviium).  Mandarins. 

Citrons.  Oranges. 

Lemons.  Pomeloes. 
Limes. 

OTHER   FRUITS. 

Avocado  (Agitacate).  Caroh  or  St.  John's  bread  {Ceratonia 

Aniatntignla  {Can'ss((  ardjtina).  siligua). 

Burnt  ua.  Cherhnoi/rr. 

Barbados     gooseberry     (Pereskia     acu-  Cocoanut. 

leuta).  Custard  apple  {Anona  reticulata). 

Caraunda,    Christ    thorn   {C((rissa   ra-  Date. 

randas).  Dotony    myrtle    {Rhodomyrtus    tomen- 

Capc  gooseberry  {Physalis  peruviaiia).  tosa). 

Cashew' nut.  Egg  fruit. 


THE    TROPICAL    REGION. 


53 


OTHER  FRUITS — continued. 


Ginep  or  Spanish  lime. 
Granadilla. 
Guava. 

Hog  plum  (Ximenia). 
Kumqnat. 
Loquat. 

Mammee  apple. 
Mammee  sapota. 
Mango. 

Melon  papaw  ( Car  tea  papaya ) . 
Monster  a  deliciosa. 
Otaheite  gooseberry   (Phyllanth 
tiehus). 


Camphor. 

Coffee. 

Ramie. 


Pepino  {Solanum  muricatum). 

Pineajyple. 

Pond  apple  (Anona  glabra). 

Rose  apple  {Eugenia  jambos). 

Sapodilla  {Achras  sapota). 

Soursoj)  {Anona  muricata) . 

Southern  dewberry  {Rubus  trivialis). 

Straicberry     tomato     {Physalis     alke- 

kengi) . 
Sugar  apple  {Anona  squamosa). 
Surinam  cherry  {Eugenia  uniflora). 
us   dis-     Tamarind. 

MISCELLANEOUS.  ' 

Sisal  hemp. 
Tobacco. 


^  Eggplants,  tomatoes,  beans,  and  some  other  garden  vegetables  are  important 
crops  in  tropical  Florida,  but  as  the  varieties  of  these  have  not  yet  been  arranged 
by  zones  they  can  not  be  given  here. 


PART  III. 


LAWS  OF  TEMPERATURE  CONTROL  OF  THE  GEOGRAPHIC 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  ANIMALS  AND  PLANTS.' 

Apart  from  obvious  inechanieal  barriers,  such  as  oceans,  tempera- 
ture is  the  most  important  single  factor  infixing  the  limits  beyond 
wliich  particular  species  of  animals  and  plants  can  not  go.  Investi- 
gations conducted  b}^  the  Biological  Survey  have  shown  that  tlie  north- 
ward distrihution  of  terrestrial  animals  and  plants  is  governed  by  the 
sum  of  the  positive  temperatures  for  the  entire  season  of  growth  and 
reproduction^^  and  that  the  southward  distribution  is  governed  by  the 
mean  temperature  of  a  brief  period  during  the  hottest  part  of  the  year.'^ 

ZONE  TEMPERATURES. 

The  Boreal  Region. 

Arctic^  Hudsonian,  and  Canadian  zones. — The  distinctive  tempera- 
tures of  the  three  Boreal  zones  (Arctic,  Hudsonian,  and  Canadian) 
are  not  positively  known,  but  the  southern  limit  of  the  Boreal  as  a 
whole  is  marked  by  the  isotherm  of  18°  C.  (G4.4°  F.)  for  the  six  hottest 
consecutive  weeks  of  summer.  It  seems  probable,  from  the  few  data 
available,  that  the  limiting  temperatures  of  the  southern  boundaries 
of  the  Hudsonian  and  Arctic  zones  are,  respectively^  14°  C.  (57.2°  F.) 
and  lO''  C.  (50°  F.)  for  the  same  period. 

'  Abridged  from  a  paper  by  the  author  entitled  '  Laws  of  temperature  control  of 
the  geo^jraphic  distribution  of  terrestrial  animals  and  plants.'  National  Geo- 
graphic Magazine,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  229-238,  8  colored  maps,  December,  1894. 

-In  computing  the  sum  of  the  positive  or  effective  temperatures  a  minimum  tem- 
perature of  G^  C.  (43°  F. )  has  been  assumed  as  marking  the  Inception  of  the  period 
of  physiological  activity  in  plants  and  of  reproductive  activity  in  animals.  The 
effective  temperatures  or  degrees  of  normal  mean  dally  heat  in  excess  of  this  mini- 
mum have  been  added  together  lor  each  station,  beginning  when  the  normal  mean 
daily  temperature  rises  higher  than  6^  C.  in  spring  and  continuing  until  it  falls  to 
the  same  point  at  the  end  of  the  season.  The  sums  thus  obtained  were  platted  on 
a  large  scale  map  of  the  United  States  and  connected  by  isotherms,  which  were 
found  to  conform  in  the  most  gratifying  manner  with  the  northern  boundaries  of 
the  several  life  zones. 

=*The  exact  length  of  this  period  has  not  been  determined.  It  must  be  short 
enough  to  fall  within  the  hottest  i)art  of  the  summer  in  high  northern  latitudes, 
and  i)robably  increases  in  length  from  the  north  southward.  For  experiment,  the 
mean  normal  temperature  of  the  six  hottest  consecutive  weeks  was  arbitrarily 
chosen  and  platted  on  a  large  scale  map.  Isotherms  were  then  drawn,  which  con- 
formed .so  clo.sely  with  the  southern  boundaries  of  the  Boreal,  Transition,  and 
UpiMir  Austral  zones  that  the  matter  was  not  carried  further. 
54 


TEMPERATURE  OF  AUSTRAL  AND  TROPICAL  REGIONS. 


00 


The  Austral  Region. 

Transition  zone  species  require  a  total  quantity  of  heat  of  at  least 
5,500°  C.  (10,000°  F.),  but  can  not  endure  a  summer  temperature  the 
mean  of  which  for  the  six  hottest  consecutive  weeks  exceeds  22°  C. 
(71.6°  F.).  The  northern  boundary  of  the  Transition  zone,  therefore, 
is  marked  by  the  isotherm  showing  a  sum  of  normal  positive  tempera- 
tures of  5,500°  C.  (10,000°  F.),  while  its  southern  boundary  is  coinci- 
dent with  the  isotherm  of  22°  C.  (71.6°  F.)  for  the  six  hottest  con- 
secutive weeks. 

Upper  Austral  species  require  a  total  quantity  of  heat  of  at  least 
6,400°  C.  (11,500°  F.),  but  apparently  can  not  endure  a  summer  tem- 
perature the  mean  of  which  for  the  six  hottest  consecutive  weeks 
exceeds  26°  C.  (78.8°  F.).  The  northern  boundary  of  the  Upper 
Austral  zone,  therefore,  is  marked  by  the  isotherm  showing  a  sum  of 
normal  positive  temperatures  of  6,400°  C.  (11,500°  F.),  while  its 
southern  boundary  agrees  very  closely  with  the  isotherm  of  26°  C. 
(78.8°  F.)  for  the  six  hottest  weeks. 

Lower  Austral  species  require  a  total  quantity-  of  heat  of  at  least 
10,000°  C.  (18,000°  F. ).  The  northern  boundary  of  the  Lower  Austral 
zone,  tlierefore,  is  marked  by  the  isotherm  showing  a  sum  of  normal 
positive  temperatures  of  10,000°  C.  (18,U0U°  F.). 

The  Tropical  Region. 

Tropical  species  require  a  total  quantity-  of  heat  of  at  least  14,100°  C. 
(26,000°  F.);  and  since  the  tropical  life  region  is  a  broad  equatorial 
belt,  it  is  probable  that  both  its  northern  and  southern  boundaries 
are  marked  by  the  isotherm  showing  a  sum  of  normal  positive  tem- 
peratures of  14,000°  C.  (26,000°  F.). 

Governing  temperatures  of  the  zones. 


Zones. 

Governing  temperatures. 
Northern  limit.    '    Southern  limit. 

Regrions. 

Sum  of  normal 
mean  daily  tem- 
peratures alx)ve 
»i°  C.  (43^  F..). 

Normal  mean 
temperature  of 
six  hottest  con- 
secutive weeks. 

Boreal     

Arctic 

Hudsoman 

Canadian 

Transition 

Upper  Austral 

^C. 

op 

°C. 

UO 

U4 

18 

22 

36 

T. 

157.2 



&4.4 

Austral 

5,500 
6,400 
10,000 
14,500 

2  10,000 
]1,.5<X) 
18,000 

26,orjo 

71.6 

78.8 

Lower  Austral 

Tropical 

1  Estimated  from  insufficient  data. 

'■*  The  Fahrenheit  equivalents  of  centigrade  sum  temperatures  are  stated  in  round  numbers  to 
avoid  small  figures  of  equivocal  value. 


PART   IV. 


CROP   TABLES. 

Tlio  accoinpanyiiiij:  tables  are  arranged  to  show,  under  the  head  of 
particulai-  crops  (as  cereals,  api)les,  pears,  and  so  on),  the  zone  ranges 
of  the  nioie  important  varieties.  Fruits  having  very  limited  zone 
ranges,  as  oi-anges  and  guavas,  are  not  included,  because  they  are  so 
easily  found  under  their  appropriate  zones  in  the  text. 

Incidentally,  the  tables  serve  to  bring  out  the  interesting  fact  that 
while  a  few  varieties,  as  the  Red  Astrachan  apple  and  Bartlett  and 
Seckel  pears,  have  wide  ranges,  thriving  in  as  many  as  three  zones, 
the  vast  majority  are  restricted  to  two,  and  a  considerable  number  to 
a  single  zone. 

Additions  and  corrections  are  earnestly  desired. 

CEREALS. 

Cereals  taken  collectively  thrive  best  in  cool  climates  and  are  most 
successful  in  the  Transition  and  Upper  Austral  zones.  This  is  particu- 
larly true  of  oats  and  wheat.  Corn,  while  no  exception  to  the  rule, 
has  more  varieties  adapted  to  the  Lower  Austral,  as  appears  in  the 
accompanying  table. 

Zone  ranges  of  oats,  wheat,  and  corn. 

[Key.— (2)  and  (3)  of  second  or  third  rate  in  the  area.] 

TRANSITION  ZONE. 


Transition  areas  as  a  whole. 


Transition  areas  as  a  whole. 


0« /S.- 

Wheat—Continued. 

American  Banner. 

Saskatchewan  Fife. 

Black  Tartarian. 

Scotch  Fife. 

Ivincoln 

Corn: 

Welcome. 

Angel  of  Midnight. 

White  Ru.s.sian. 

Canadian  Eight-Row  Yellow  Flint. 

Wheat: 

King  Philip. 

Australian  (.J). 

Longfellow. 

C'law.son. 

Pride  of  the  North. 

Fultz  (-'). 

Squaw. 

Ladoga. 
Red  Fife. 

Stoweli  Evergreen  i  ?  and  local). 

UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Carolinian  area. 


<kiU: 

Lincoln  (,'). 
R.'<1  Rust  Proof. 
Wel<-<)nie. 
White  Russian  ( .'). 

56 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


(Mts: 

Lincoln  (2). 
Red  Rust  Proof  (,'). 
Welcome  (,'). 
White  Russian  (H). 


CEREALS    AND   APPLES. 


57 


Zone  ranges  of  oats,  wheat,  and  corn — Continued. 
UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE— Continued. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


\Mieat: 

Clawson. 

Fulcaster. 

Fultz. 

Mediterranean. 

Turkej-  Red  [Mi.ssissippi  Valleyl. 

Velvet  Chaff. 

Colli: 

Bloody  Butcher. 
Golden  Dent  (?). 
Hickory  Kina:  (2). 
King  Philip  (J). 
Learning. 

St.  Charles  White  [Lower  Mississippi  Val- 
ley] {2). 
Stowell  Evergreen. 
White  Gourd  Seed  (i). 


Wheat: 

Australian. 

Fultz  iS). 

May  wheats  {3). 

Mediterranean  {2). 

Sonora. 

TurkevRed  (?). 

Velvet  Chaff  k2). 
Corn : 

Hickory  King  (5). 

King  Philip  (i). 

Learning  (,'). 

Pride  of  the  North  (3). 

Squaw  (3). 


LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 

Austroriparian  area. 

Oats: 

Oats: 

Red  Rust  Proof  (2). 

Burt. 

Red  Rust  Proof. 

Wheat: 

TMieat: 

Australian. 

May  wheats  [away  from  coast] . 

Sonora. 

Mediterranean  (3). 

Fultz  (2). 

Corn: 

Corn: 

White  Gourd  Seed  (3). 

Golden  Dent. 

Hickory  King. 

Learning  {2). 
Mosby  Prolific. 

St.  Charles  White  [Mis.sissippi  Valley]  (2). 

Stowell  Evergreen  {2}. 

White  Gourd  Seed. 

APPLES. 

Apples  rank  among  tlie  staple  crops  of  the  United  States.  A  mul- 
titude of  varieties  flourish  in  the  Transition  and  Upper  Austral  zones 
and  a  smaller  number  in  the  Lower  Austral,  as  maj'  be  seen  from  the 
following  table.  One  variety,  the  Red  Astrachan,  is  remarkable 
for  the  wide  range  of  climatic  conditions  it  is  able  to  endure,  as  it 
appears  to  thrive  in  all  the  zones  and  in  all  the  areas  except  the  most 
arid.  Manj^  varieties  are  restricted  to  a  single  zone,  but  the  greater 
number  are  common  to  two  adjoining  zones,  as  the  Transition  and 
Upper  Austral,  or  the  Upper  and  Lower  Austral. 

Crab  apples  are  almost  restricted  to  the  Transition  zone,  onl}^  four 
varieties  being  known  to  flourish  farther  south,  and  all  of  these  are 
Transition  varieties. 


58 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


Zone  ranges  of  apples. 


[Kky.— Cross  (-1- ),  do  not  thrive  in  tho  Upper  Mississippi  section  (Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and 
tlu'  eastern  Dakotas)  except  in  eastern  "Wisconsin  in  vicinity  of  (rreen  Bay:  (j(),in  northern 
part  only:  (.s),  in  sonthern  part  only:  (/),  information  sufticiently  i)ositive  to  make  the  listing 
necessary,  but  lacking  such  full  verification  as  to  i-equire  (jualification.J 

TRANSITION  ZONE. 


Alleghanian  (eastern)  area. 

Arid  Transition  area. 

Paciflc  Transition  area. 

Alexander. 

Alexander. 

Baldwin. 

+  Bailey  Sivcft  (s). 

Baldwin. 

Ben  Davis  (.<?). 

h  Baker. 

Dut<h  Mignonne. 

Blue  Pearmain. 

4  Baldwin. 

Dyer  i Fomme  Royal). 

Early  Harvest  is). 

(-Benoni  (.s). 

Early  Harvest. 

Esopus  Sj)itzenhur(/. 

j-Bietigheimer  {s). 

Early  Strawberry. 

Fall  Pippin  (.s). 

4- Blenheim. 

Esopus  Spitzenburi). 

Gravenstein. 

-|-  Blue  Pearmain. 

Fanu'use. 

Jonathan  (.s). 

-}- Bullock     {ADU'vicnn     Golden 

Golden  Russet. 

Keswick. 

Russet). 

(iolden  Sweet. 

Maiden  Blush. 

4-  Canada  Reinette. 

Gravenstein. 

Monmouth. 

■f  Chenango  (.s). 

Hightop  Su-eet. 

Northern  Spy. 

4- Clyde  Beauty. 

Hubbardston. 

Oldenburg,  Duchess  of. 

4- Cogswell  (.s). 

Jeflferis. 

Rambo  (.s). 

4- Dan  vers  (.s). 

Jonathan. 

Red  Astrachan. 

4-Domine  (.s). 

Keswick. 

Red  June  is). 

4- Dutch  Mignonne  (s). 

Longfield. 

Rhode  Island  Greening. 

+  Dyer  (Fonmn'  Royal)  (.s). 

Lowell. 

Sops  of  Wine. 

4- Early  Harvest. 

Maiden  Blush. 

Swaar. 

+  Early  Ripe  (.s). 

Monmouth. 

Tompkins  King. 

+  Early  Strawberry  (s). 

Mother. 

Wagener. 

4-Esopus  Spitzenburq. 

Newtown  Spitzenburg. 

Wealthy. 

+  Ewalt  (s). 

Northern  Spy. 

Winesap  (.s). 

4- Fall  Pippin. 

Oldenburg,  Duchess  of. 

Yellow  Bellflower  (s). 

-j-  Fameuse. 

Pewaukee. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin  (s). 

4- Garden  Royal. 

Porter. 

Yellow  Transparent. 

4- Golden  Russet. 

Primate. 

-f  Golden  Russet  [New  York]  (s) 

Ram  bo. 

4- Golden  Sweet. 

Red  Astrachan. 

4-Gravenstein. 

Rhode  Island  Greening. 

-)- Green  Sweet. 

Roman  Stem. 

Haas  (  Fall  Oj(cen)  [Mississippi 

Rome  Beauty. 

Vallev]. 

Roxbury. 

4-Hightop^■/'re^ 

Sops  of  Wine. 

--Hubbardston. 

Summer  Pearmain 

--Hunt  RuHsi't. 

Swaar. 

-f  Jefferis  (.s). 

Tetofski. 

+  Jefferson  County. 

Tolman  Sweet. 

--Jewett  Red. 

Tompkins  King. 

-Jonathan  (.s). 

Twenty-Ounce. 

+  Keswick  (.s). 

Wagener. 

Longfield. 

Wealthy. 
Westfield. 

+  Lowell  ({.■>. 

-f-  Mcintosh. 

Williams  Favorite. 

McMahon. 

Wine,  i/aj/.s. 

+  Maiden  Blush  (s). 

Winesap  i.^). 

4  Margaret,  Early  Red  (.s). 

Wolf  River. 

(-Melon,  .\ortou  (s). 

Yellow  Newtown  Rippin. 

)  Minister. 

Yellow  Tran.si)arent. 

1  Montreal  Peach. 

f- Moore  Sweet  (.sM. 

4- Mother  (.s). 

f  Newtown  Spitzenburg  (s). 

I- Northern  Spy. 

4- Ohio  Non])areil  is). 

Oldenburg,  f)iiclie.>is  of. 

4- Ontario. 

-\- Peck  Pleasant. 

4-  Perry  Rus.set. 

Powaukee. 

4-PouiraeGris. 

h  Porter  (s). 

-f  Primate  is). 

4- Pumpkin      Sweet      i /\»ini</ 

Sirrrt). 

4-Rambo  (.f). 

-i-Red  Astrachan. 

4-  Red  Canada. 

4  Rhode  Island  (,'niuinu. 

-f^Riljston. 

4-  Rolfo. 

Roman  Stem. 

•" 

I  Roxbury. 

'  St.  Lawrciio'. 

1  Scott  WinttT. 

4-Shiawji.s.s»M'. 

APPLES. 


59 


Zone  ranges  of  apples — Continued. 
TRANSITION  ZONE— Continued. 


AUeghanian  (eastern)  area. 


Arid  Transition  area 


Pacific  Transition  area. 


-f  Sops  of  Wine. 

-j- Sterling  (American  Beauty). 

-(-Summer  Pear  main  (s). 

-(- Sutton. 

-i-Swaar  (s). 

Tetofski. 
-)-  Tolman  Siceet. 
-\-  Tompkins  King. 
-|-  Twenty- Ounce. 
-I-Vandevere  (s). 
-|-  Wagener. 
Wealthy. 
Westfield. 
4-  Williams  Favorite. 
-f-Wine,  Hays  (s). 
Wolf  River. 
Yellow  Transparent 
Crap  apples: 
Beach. 
Brier. 
—  Elgin. 
Excelsior. 
Gibb. 
-h  Hyslop. 
Martha. 
Marengo. 
Minnesota 
Montreal. 
Orange. 
Red  Siberian. 
Transcendent. 
+  Van  Wyck. 
Whitney  No.  20. 
Yellow  Siberian. 


UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Arkansas  (Mavimoth  Black  Tivig). 

Bailey  Sweet. 

Baldwin  (h). 

Belmont. 

Ben  Davis. 

Benoni. 

Bentley. 

Bonum. 

Bough,  Street. 

Bradford  Best  {Kentucky  Red). 

Broadwell. 

Buckingham. 

Cannon  Fea rma in . 

Champlain  (Xyock). 

Clayton. 

Cornell  Fancy. 

Cullasaga. 

Domine  ( /i). 

Dyer  {Poinnie  Royal). 

Early  Cooper. 

Early  Harvest. 

Early  Joe. 

Early  Pennock. 

Early  Strawberry. 

Edwkrd  Early. 

Esopus  (in. 

Evening  Party. 

Ewalt. 

Fallawater. 

Fall  Orange. 

Fall  Pippin. 

Fall  Wine. 

Fanny. 

Fink. 

Fulton. 

Gilpin. 

Golden  Ru.sset  (n). 

Golden  Sweet. 


Alameda,  Beauty  of. 

Belmont. 

Ben  Davis. 

Blue  Pearmain. 

Cook  Seedling. 

Dyer  (Fomrne  Royal). 

Early  Harvest. 

Early  Pennock. 

Early  Strawberry. 

Esopus  Spitzenbnrg. 

Fall  Jenneting. 

Fall  (!)range. 

Fall  Pipyjui. 

Fall  Wine. 

Gloria  Mundi. 

Golden  Russet. 

Golden  Sweet. 

Grimes  Golden. 

Haas  (F(dl  (^leen). 

Hawthornden. 

High  top  Street. 

Holland  Pippin. 

Hubhardston. 

Jersey  Sweet. 

Jonathan. 

Keswick. 

Lady  Sweet. 

Lawver  i  Delavare  Red  Winter). 

Limber  Twig. 

Lowell. 

Maiden  Blush. 

McAfee. 

Marshall  Red  (Red  BeUflover). 

Missouri  Fijjpin. 

Monmouth  Fippin  (Red  Cheek  Pippin). 

Mother. 

NewtOA^Ti  Spitzenburg. 

Nickajack. 


60 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CHOP  ZONES. 


Zane  ranges  of  apples — Continued. 
UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE-Continued. 


Carolinian  area. 


Green  Cheese. 

Green  Newtown. 

Grime.s  (iohh-n. 

Huas  (Fall  (^neoi ). 

Hewes  ('rah. 

Higbtop  ^V«'r^  [Mississipi)i  Valley]. 

Hoover. 

Horse. 

Hubbardston  {u). 

JeflFeris. 

Jersey  Sweet. 

Jonathan  (»). 

July  (Fourth  of  Juhj). 

Keswick 

Kinnaird. 

Lady. 

Lady  Sweet. 

LansinKburjr. 

Late  St i-a wherry. 

Lawver  (  />>  loirare  Red  Winter). 

Liiul>er  Twig. 

Lowell. 

McAfee. 

McLellan. 

Maiden  Blush. 

Mangum. 

Margaret,  E(trly  lied. 

Milam. 

Missouri  Pippin. 

Melon,  Norton  (n). 

Monmouth. 

Moore  Sweet. 

Mother. 

Newtown  Spitzenlmrg. 

Nickajack. 

Northern  Spy  (?i ). 

Ohio  Nonpareil. 

Oldenburg.  Duchess  of. 

Ontario  (/«)• 

Ortley. 

Otoe  in). 

Perry  Russet  (n). 

Porter. 

Primate. 

Pryor  Red. 

Ralls  Genet. 

Ramlx). 

Ramsdell  Sweet. 

Red  Astrachan. 

Red  June. 

Red  Stripe. 

Rhode  Island  (ireenimj  in). 

Romanite.  South. 

Roman  Stem. 

Rome  Beauty. 

Shocklev. 

Smith  CifUr. 

Sinokohouso. 

Sops  of  Wine  in). 

Stark  (in. 

Summer  Pcarmain. 

Summer  Queen. 

Summer  Rose. 

Sutton  (H). 

Swaar  in). 

Sweet  Winesap. 

Trtofski. 

Tomjikius  King  (>i). 

Trenton  Early. 

Twenty-Ounce  {n  i. 

Vandevei-e. 

Wagener  ( <i  ). 

Walbridge  (  F<l<inr  Wed  Streak). 

West  Held  ( /.  i 

White  JuTieating. 

White  Pearmain. 

White  Pij)i>ni 

Willow  Twig. 

Wine.  Uays  («). 

Wint'sai). 

Wythe. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Northern  Spy. 

Oldenburg,  Duchess  of. 

Porter. 

Primate. 

Ralls  Genet. 

Rambo. 

Red  Astrachan. 

Red  Canada. 

Red  June. 

Rhode  Island  Greening. 

Roman  Stem. 

Rome  Beauty. 

Smith  Cidtr. 

Summer  Pearmain. 

Summer  Queen. 

Summer  Ro.se. 

Swaar. 

Tetotski. 

Tompkins  King. 

Twenty-Ounce. 

Wagener. 

Wealthy. 

West  field. 

White  Pearmain. 

Wine,  Haijs. 

Winesap. 

Wolf  River. 

Yellow  Bellflower. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 


APPLES. 


61 


Zone  ranges  of  apples — Continued. 
UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZOXE-Continued. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Yellow  Bellflower. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin  (Albemarle). 

Yellow  Transparent. 

York  Imperial. 

Crab  apples: 

Hyslop. 

Martha. 

Transcendent. 

Yellow  Siljerian. 


LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 


Austroriparian  area. 


Gulf  strip 


Marshall  Red  (Red  BeUflower}. 

Sexton  Golden. 

Skinner  Seedling  (Santa  Clara 

King\. 
Yellow  Bellflower. 
Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 


Bonum  (ii). 

Bradford  Best  {Kentucky  Red). 

Brnce. 

Buckingham. 

Cannon  Pt  anna  in. 

Carter  Blue. 

Champlain  (Xyackt  tn). 

Clark  Pearmair . 

Cornell  Fancy  ni\. 

Cracking. 

Cullasaga. 

Disharoon. 

Farrar  i  Robinson  Superb). 

Ferdinand. 

Gilpin  (n). 

Green  Cheese. 

Hall. 

Hockett. 

Hoover  (»). 

Horn. 

Horse. 

Jennings. 

Julian. 

July  (Fourth  of  July)  (n). 

Junaluskee. 

Limber  Twig  (n). 

McAfee  («). 

Mangum. 

Manomet. 

Mason  Stranger. 

Mattamuskeet. 

Maverack. 

Nansemond. 

Nickajack  ihk 

Oconee. 

Oldenburg,  Duche.ss  of. 

Ralls  Genet. 

Red  Astrachan. 

Red  June. 

Romanite.  South. 

Shockley. 

Stephenson. 

Switzer  [Mississippi  Valley]. 

Taunton. 

Watson. 

Waugh  Crab. 

White  Juneating. 

Willow  Twig. 

Winesap  in\. 

Yates. 

Yellow  June. 

Yellow  Transparent. 

Yopp. 

York  Imperial  nw. 


Jennings. 

Red  Astrachan. 


62 


LIFE    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 


APRICOTS. 

Apricots  I'eciuiro  ;i  warm  climate  and  do  best  in  the  dry  summer 
heat  of  the  Upper  and  Lower  Sonoi-an  areas.  They  bloom  early 
and  are  easily  injured  by  frosts,  for  which  reason  tliey  are  a  precarious 
crop  in  the  Eastern  States. 

Zone  ranges  of  (tprlrots. 
UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Cjirolinian  aroa. 

Upper  Sonoran  area. 

Alexander  [Mississippi  Valley]. 

Alexander. 

Breda. 

Blenheim. 

Budrt  fMississipi)i  Valley]. 

Breda. 

Early  (4o1(Umi. 

Budd. 

Gil)l)  [Mis.sii?sii)pi  Valley]. 

Eureka. 

Harris. 

Gibbs. 

Hemskirke. 

Hem.skirke. 

Lar^re  Early. 

Large  Early. 

Moorpark. 

Montgamet,  Albn-qe  de. 

Peach. 

Montgamet  Early. 

Moore  Early. 

Moorpark. 

Newcastle. 

' 

Peach. 

Pringle. 

Royal  Golden,  Brier. 

St.  Ambroise. 

Vestal  Moorpark. 

LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 

Austroriparian  area. 

Breda, 

Breda. 

Hemskirke. 

Early  Golden. 

Hinds  Scidling. 

Hemskirke. 

Montgamet,  Albrrge  de. 

Moor])ark. 
Mnsch. 

Montgamet  Early. 

Moorpark. 

Royal  Orange. 

Peach. 

St.  Ambroise. 

Roman. 

Turkey. 

Royal. 

Royal  Golden,  Brier. 

St.  Aml)roi.se. 

Sparks. 

Vestal  Mnorjtark. 

CHERRIES. 

Cherries  like  a  warm  temperate  climate,  and  do  best  in  tlie  Upper 
Austral  zone,  although  some  varieties  flourish  in  the  Transition  and 
others  in  the  Lower  Austral.  In  both  of  these  extremes,  however,  it 
will  be  observed  that  by  far  the  i!:reater  number  are  confined  to  those 
parts  of  tlie  zones  whicdi  lie  nearest  to  the  Tpper  Austral  (as  indi- 
cated by  the  letter  (.s)  in  the  Transition  list,  and  the  letter  (n)  in  the 
Austroriparian  list). 


CHERRIES. 


63 


Zone  ranges  of  cherries, 

[Key— Cross  (  — ).  do  not  thrive  in  the  Upper  Mississippi  section  'Wisconsin.  Minnesota,  and 
the  eastern  Dakotas  i  except  in  eastern  "Wisconsin  in  vicinity  of  Green  Bay:  i  /<  >.  in  northern  part 
only:  (.*;  >.  in  southern  part  only:  (  ?  i.  information  sufficiently  positive  to  make  the  listing  neces- 
sary, but  lacking  such  full  verification  as  to  require  qualification.] 

TRANSITION  ZONE. 


Alleghanian  » eastern  >  area. 


Arid  Transition  area. 


Pacific  Transition  area. 


+ Archduke. 

Bessarabian. 
+  Black  Heart  (s). 
-f-Buttner.  Yellotc  (s). 
+  Choisy,  Belle  de. 
-i-Coe  Transparent  (s). 

—  Donna  Maria  (s). 

—  Downer  {s). 
— Dvehouse  (s). 

^ Eagle.  Black  (s). 

-i- Early  Purple  Guigne  (s). 

—Elton  (s). 

-i- Eugenie.  Empress  (»). 

-f  Florence  (s>. 

-r-Hortense.  Reine  (s) 

-rHovey  (s). 

Late  Kentish. 

Lutovka. 
-rMagnifique,  Belle  («). 
-r  May  duke  (.si. 
-fMohtmorency  Large. 
+ Montmorency  Ordinaire. 

Morello.  English. 

—  Napoleon  (s). 
—Olivet  is). 

-r Philippe.  Lrmis  (.?). 
+ Plums  tone  Morello. 
Richmond  i Kentish). 
-{-Taii:arian,  Black. 
+ Windsor. 
4- Wood,  Governor. 


Archduke. 
Choisy.  Belle  de. 
Ostheimer  Weichsel. 


Advance    California. 

Bing. 

Centennial. 

Coe  Transparent. 

Elton. 

Lewelling  (Black  Republican). 
I  Napoleon  (Royal  Ann). 
I  Richmond  {Kentish). 

Rockport. 

Spanish.  Yellotc. 

Tartarian.  Black. 

Windsor. 

Wood,  Governor. 


UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Archduke  i  /< '. 

Black  Heart. 

Carnation. 

Choisy.  Belle  de. 

Coe  Transparent  (n). 

Downer  in). 

Dvehouse. 

Eagle.  Black. 

Early  Purple  Guigne. 

Elton  in). 

Eugenie.  Empress. 

Hortense.  Reine. 

Knight  Early. 

Late  Kentish. 

Magnifique,  Belle. 

Mayduke. 

Morello.  English. 

Napoleon  {Royal  Ann). 

Olivet. 

Plumstone  Morello. 

Richmond. 

Rockport  (n  i. 

Spanish,  Yellotc. 

Tartarian,  Black. 

Windsor. 

Wood.  Governor. 


Archduke. 

Bing. 

Centennial. 

Choisy.  Belle  de. 

Cleveland. 

Early  Purple  Guigne. 

Late'  Duke. 

Lewelling  ( Black  Rejyublican). 

Mayduke. 

Montmorency  Large. 

Montmorency  Ordinaire. 

Morello,  English. 

Napoleon  {Royal  Ann\. 

Olivet. 

Ostheimer  Weichsel. 

Richmond  (Kentish  \. 

Rockport. 

Spanish.  Yellotr. 

Tartarian.  Black. 

Thompson  Seedling. 

Windsor. 

Wood.  Governor. 


64 


LIFK    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 


Zone  ranges  of  cherries — Continued. 
LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 

Austroriparian  area. 

Eiii-ly  Purple  (iuit/ne  (?)■ 

Archduke  (»)• 
Black  Heart. 
Choisy.  Jicllr  dr  (n). 
Early  Purple  (iuigne  (n). 
Lato  Duke. 
Mag:nifi(iue,  TMle  (71). 
Mayduke  (n). 
Morello,  Knglitih  (n) 
Richmond  {Kentish)  (?i). 

GRAPES. 

Grapes  of  liigh  excellence  and  in  great  variety  f  ourish  in  all  the 
zones  fi'oiii  the  Transition  to  the  Lower  Austral,  inclusive,  although 
no  single  variety  does  well  in  more  than  two  zones.  The  following 
table  contains  only  the  more  important  varieties,  and  might  be  largely 
extended,  particularly  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  area: 

Zone  ranges  of  grapes. 

[Key.— Cross  (+  t,  do  not  thrive  in  the  Upper  Mississippi  section  (Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and 
the  eastern  Dakotas)  e.Kcept  in  eastern  Wisconsin  in  vicinity  of  Green  Bay;  (/i),  in  hottest  part 
only;  (n»,  in  northern  part  only;  (.s),  in  southern  part  only]. 


TRANSITION  ZONE. 


AUeghanian  (eastern)  area. 

Arid  Transition  area. 

Pacific  Transition  area. 

Agawam. 

Wilder. 

Concord. 

-1- Barry. 

Worden. 

Isabella. 

Champion. 

Moore  Early. 

Clinton. 

Concord. 

Cottage. 

+Diana. 

+  Martha. 

Moore  Early. 

+  Salem. 

Vergennes. 

Victor,  Early. 

+  Wilder. 

Winch  ell  [dreen 

Mountain). 

Worden. 

UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Carolinian  area. 

Upper  Sonoran  area. 

Airawam  (u). 

Agawam. 

Alexandria,  Muscat  of  (h). 

Barry  (0). 

Brighton. 

Black  Ferrara. 

Catawba. 

Black  Hamburg. 

Champion. 

Catawba. 

Clinton  ( n). 

Chas-sehis  Red. 

Concord. 

Chasselas  Rose. 

Cynthiana  (»). 

Concord. 

Delaware. 

Delaware. 

Diamond  in). 

Elvira. 

Diana  in). 

Emperor  (h). 

Duche.ss. 

Isabella. 

Elvira  («). 

Ives. 

(4»)ethe  (s). 

Malaga  (/»). 

lona  in). 

Massasoit. 

CARAFES    AND    PEACHES. 


65 


Zone  ranges  of  grapes — Continned. 
UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE-Oontinued. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Isabella. 

Ives. 

Jefferson. 

Lindley. 

Missouri  ReisUng  »s  >. 

Moore  Early. 

Niagara. 

Noah  [Southern  Mississippi  Valley.]  (s). 

Norton  Virginia  (s\. 

Poeklington  (n). 

Prentiss  (n). 

Salem. 

Telegraph. 

Ulster  (n). 

Worden  (ii). 

Wyoming. 


Mission. 

Moore  Early. 

Norton  Virginia. 

Peru.  Rose  of  (hK 

Pierce  <  Isabella  Regia). 

Prince  Black. 

Royal  Muscatine  (h). 

Salem. 

Sweetwater  { Fontainebleau)  (A). 

Thompson  Seedless  •/«>. 

Tokay.  Flame  {h). 

Victor.  Early. 

Worden. 

Zinfandel  yh). 


LOWER  .\USTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 


Alexandria.  Muscat  of. 

Black  Hamburg. 

Emperor. 

Feher  Szagos. 

Gordo  Blanco. 

Herbemont. 

Huasco. 

Malaga. 

Mission. 

Muscat-Hamburg. 

Peru.  Rosi-  of. 

Prince.  Black. 

Sultana. 

Sweetwater  (Fontainebleau). 

Thompson  Seedless. 

Tokav.  Flame. 

Wbit'e  Muscat. 

Zinfandel. 


Austroriparian  area. 


Gulf  strip. 


Berckmans. 

Brighton  i/n. 

Brilliant  [Mississippi  Valley]. 

Catawba. 

Cynthiana. 

Delaware  {n^. 

Diamond.  Moort^  (  n  i. 

Elvira. 

Flowers. 

Goethe  in). 

Herbemont. 

Jefferson  {n). 

Lenoir. 

Lindley  (« ». 

Missouri  ReisJing  [Mississippi 

Valley]. 
Moore  Early  (n). 
Niagara  (/i>. 
Norton  Virginia. 
Salem  on. 
S^cuppernong. 
Tenderpulp. 
Thomas. 
Triumph. 
Wvlie.  Peter. 


Elvira. 
Flowers. 
Herbemont. 
Norton  Virginia. 
Scuppernong. 
Tenderpulp. 
Thomas. 
Wylie,  Peter. 


PEACHES. 

Peaches  require  a  warm  climate,  and  are  one  of  the  most  important 
fruits  of  the  Upper  and  Lower  Austral  zones.  In  the  Transition  zone, 
except  along  the  southern  edge,  where  the  Transition  shades  into  the 
Upper  Austral,  they  can  not  be  depended  on.  But  in  the  Pacific 
Coast  division  of  the  Transition,  which,  as  elsewhere  explained, 
receives  more  heat  than  the  other  parts  of  this  zone,  peaches  are 
grown  in  certain  localities,  and  the  Hale  is  said  to  do  well. 

Xectarines  follow  peaches,  except  in  the  humid  areas,  but  are  of 
little  consequence  in  the  Eastern  States.  They  reach  their  highest 
development  and  greatest  commercial  consequence  in  the  arid  Lower 
Sonoran. 

1002— Xo.  10 5 


66 


LIFE    ZONES    AND    CROP    ZONES. 


Zone  ratiyca  of  peaches. 

[Key.— ()i),  in  northern  part  only.] 
UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Carol  iniau  area. 


Upper  Souoran  area. 


Alexander. 

Beers  Siinnk. 

Bilvini 

(Miili.  ///7/.S-. 

Early  Crawford. 

Elbi'i-ta. 

Fostor. 

Goorge  IV. 

Globe. 

Golden  Drop. 

Gros.se  Mi^nonne. 

Hale.' 

Heath  Ciinij. 

Hoover. 

Konriok  Ucofl,. 

Large  York. 

Late  Admirable. 

liate  Crawford. 

Late  Rarerii)e. 

Morris  White. 

Mountain  Rose. 

Oldmixon  Cling. 

Oldmixon  Free. 

Red  Cl)eek  Mclocoton. 

Reeves  Favorite. 

Richmond. 

River.s. 

Sal  way. 

Smock. 

Sneed. 

Stevens  Rareripe. 

Strawberry. 

Stump. 

St.  John,  Yellow 

Susquehanna. 

Nectariiics: 

Boston. 

Elruge. 

Stanwick. 


Alexander. 

Beers  Smock. 

Bilyeu. 

Brandy  wine. 

Chair  Choice. 

Early  Crawford. 

Earlv  York. 

Elberta. 

Foster. 

Garey. 

Garfleld. 

Garland,  Goveinior. 

Globe. 

Golden  Cling. 

Hale.  • 

Heath  Cling. 

Late  Crawford. 

Lovell. 

Malta. 

McKevitt  Cling. 

Muir. 

New  hall. 

Nichols  Cling. 

Orange  Cling. 

Pic(iuet  Late. 

Reeves  Favorite. 

Rivers. 

Runyon  Orange  Cling. 

St.  John,  Yelloiv. 

Salwaj'. 

Smock. 

Strawberry. 

Stump. 

Susquehanna. 

Tuskena  {Tuscany). 

Waterloo. 

Wilkins. 

Nectarines: 

Hunt  Tawny. 

Red  Roman. 


'  The  Hale  peach  is  said  to  do  well  in  the  Pacific  Coast  Transition  area,  and  is  the  only  peach 
known  to  thrive  in  the  Transition  zone. 


LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 

Austroriparian  area. 

Gulf  strip. 

Alexander. 

Alexander  (n). 

Angel. 

Early  Crawford  (n). 

Amelia. 

Bid  well  Early  {P). 

Early  York. 

Au.stin. 

Bid  well  Late  (P). 

Elberta. 

Blood  Cling. 

Cabler  Indian. 

Foster  (?0. 

Blood  Free. 

Climax. 

Garland,  Cover  nor. 

Cabler  Indian. 

Countess. 

Hale. 

Chinese  Cling. 

Early  China  (P). 

Heath  Cling. 

Columbia. 

Ferdinand. 

Henrietta. 

Early  Crawford  ui)- 

Florida  Crawford. 

Late  Crawford  (n). 

Earlv  York  (u). 

Gibbon. 

Lemon  Cling. 

Elberta. 

Honey. 

Muir. 

Hale  (/I). 

Imperial. 

St.  Jobn,  Yellow. 

Heath  Cling  (n). 

Maggie  Burt. 

Strawberry. 

Hoover. 

Onderdonk. 

Susquehanna. 

Kerr.  Jessie. 

Pallas. 

Nectarines: 

Late  Crawford. 

Peen-to  (P). 

Boston. 

Lee,  Ceneral. 

Waldo. 

Down  ton. 

Lemon  Cling. 

Early  Newington. 

Mountain  Rose  (»). 

Earlv  Vioh't. 

Oldmixon  Cling  («). 

Elrnge. 
Hardwicke. 

Pie(iuet  Late. 

Sneed. 

St.  John,  Yellow. 

Thurber. 

Tillotson. 

PEARS. 


67 


PEARS. 

Pears  thrive  best  in  the  Transition  and  Upper  Austral  zones  and 
fairl}^  well  in  the  Lower  Austral,  though  the  number  of  varieties 
adapted  to  the  latter  is  relatively  small.  In  the  Gulf  strip  only  four 
varieties  flourish. 

Zone  ranges  of  pears. 

[Key.— Cross  (4-).  do  not  thrive  in  the  Upper  Mississippi  section  (Wisconsin.  Minnesota,  and 
the  eastern  Dakotas )  except  in  eastern  Wisconsin  in  vicinity  of  Green  Bay:  ( >i ).  in  northern  part 
onlv:  (s),  in  southern  part  onlj;:  (.?),  information  sufficiently  positive  to  make  the  listing  neces- 
sary, but  lacking  such  full  verification  as  to  require  qualification.] 

TRANSITION  ZONE. 


Alleghanian  (eastern)  area. 


Arid  Transition  area. 


Pacific  Transition  area. 


+Andrews. 

+Angouleme.  Duchess  de  (s). 

+  Anjou  (s). 

+Bartlett  (s). 

4-Bo.sc  (s). 

-i-Bous.sock. 

-|- Brandy  wine  (s). 

+ Buff urn. 

-j-Clairgeau  (s). 

-|-Clapp  Favorite  (s). 

4- Columbia  is). 

-i-Dana  Hovey  (s). 

-fDiel. 

+Dix. 

-i-Elizabeth,  Manning. 

-I- Flemish  Beauty. 

+  Fulton. 

+  Giffard  (s). 

-I-Goodale. 

+  Howell  (s). 

4- Julienne  (s). 

4- Lawrence  (.s). 

-j-Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

-)- Lucrative  is). 

4-McLaughhn. 

-j- Madeleine  (.s). 

-f  Malines.  Josephine  de  (s). 

-j-Onondaga  is). 

4-Osband  Summer. 

-f  Pound. 

-I-Rostiezer  (s). 

4-Seckel  (s». 

-f  Sheldon  (s). 

-I-Souvenir  du  Congress  (s). 

-(-Sterling. 

^ Summer  Doyenne  (.s). 

+Tyson. 


Angouleme.  Duchess  de. 

Anjou. 

Bartlett. 

Bosc. 

Boussock. 

Brandywine. 

Clairgeau. 

Clapp  Favorite. 

Columbia. 

Easter  Beurre. 

Flemish  Beauty. 

Lawrence. 

Lucrative. 

Onondaga. 

Osband  Summer. 

Seckel. 

Tyson. 

Winter  Nelis. 


Bartlett. 
Bosc  (si. 
Boussock. 
Clairgeau  (s). 
Clapp  Favorite. 
Flemish  Beauty. 
Seckel  (s). 
Tyson  (s). 
Winter  Nelis  (s). 


UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Carolinian  area. 


L^pper  Sonoran  area. 


Angouleme,  Duchess  de. 

Anjou  (?i). 

Bartlett  (n). 

Bloodgood. 

Bosc  (n). 

Boussock  (n). 

Brandywine. 

Buffum  (n). 

Chambers. 

Clairgeau  (u). 

Clapp  Favorite  {n). 

Columbia. 

Cornice,  Doyenne  du  (n). 

Diel 

Easter  Beurre. 

Garber. 

Giffard. 

Gray  Doyenne  (n). 

Hosenschenk. 


Angouleme.  Duchess  de. 

Anjou. 

Bartlett. 

Bosc. 

Boussock. 

Brandywine. 

Clairgeau. 

Clapp  Favorite. 

Columbia. 

Dana  Hovey. 

Diel. 

Easter  Beurre. 

Flemish  Beauty. 

Glout  Morceau. 

Idaho  [local  in  Idaho]. 

Lawrence. 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

Lucrative. 

Margaret. 


68 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


Zone  ranges  of  pears — Continued. 
UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE— Continued. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Howell. 

Onondaga. 

Julienne. 

Osband  Summer. 

Kioffer. 

Patrick  Barry. 

Kirtland. 

Seckel. 

Lawrence. 

White  Doyenne. 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

Winter  Nelis. 

Lucrative  (»). 

Vicar  of  Winkfield. 

Madeleine  (n). 

Malines,  Josephine  de  (n). 
MarKuerite,  Petite  (n). 
Mt.  Vernon  (»). 

Napoleon  (a). 

Oncmdaga  (h). 

Osband  Summer. 

Paradise  d\4.ittomne  (n). 

Rostiezer. 

Rutter. 

Seckel. 

Sheldon. 

Summer  Doyenne. 

Superfin  (n). 

Tyson. 

White  Doyenne  (n). 

Wint^ir  Nelis. 

LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 

Austroriparian  area. 

Gulf  strip. 

Angouleme,  Duchess  de. 

Angouleme,  Duchess  de  (n). 

Garber. 

Bartlett. 

Garber. 

Kieflfer. 

Bosc. 

Julienne  (n). 

Le  Conte. 

Boussock. 

Kieffer. 

Magnolia. 

Brand  V  wine. 

Lawrence  (n). 

Clairgeau. 

Le  Conte. 

Easter  Beurre. 

Magnolia. 

Glout  Morceau. 

Rostiezer  (n). 

Howell  (.■'). 

Seckel  (n). 

Lawrence. 

Tyson  (n). 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

Lucrative. 

Patrick  Barry. 

Pound. 

Seckel. 

Superfin. 

Tyson  (f). 
White  Doyenne. 

Winter  Nelis. 

PLUMS. 

Plums  have  a  wide  range.  Tliey  attain  their  highest  development 
in  the  Upper  Austral  zone,  but  numerous  varieties  flourish  in  the 
Transition  and  Lower  .Vustral  zones.  In  the  dry  summer  heat  of 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Sonoran  areas  many  varieties  develop  so  much 
sujrar  that  they  make  the  best  of  prunes,  but  in  the  cooler  Transition 
zone  and  llie  more  liumid  Carolinian  and  Austroriparian  areas  prune 
cultni-e  's  not  a  success. 


PLUMS. 


69 


Zone  ranges  of  pluvis  {including prunes). 

[Key.— Cross  t  -r  >.  do  not  thrive  in  the  Upper  Mississippi  section  ^Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and 
the  eastern  Dakotasi  except  in  eastern  Wisconsin  in  vicinity  of  Green  Bay:  (hk  in  northern 
part  only:  (s».  in  southern  part  only.] 

TRAXSITIOX  ZOXE. 


Alleghanian  (eastern  >  area. 


Arid  Transition  area. 


Pacific  Transition  area. 


-f- Arctic.  Moore. 

Aubert,  Yellow. 
-f  Bavay  Green  Gage. 

De  Soto, 
-i- Diamond,  Black  ^.s). 
-t-Drap  d"Or  (s). 
-i-Duane  Purple  (s). 
-f-Englebert  (s). 
+German  Frxtne  (s). 
—Golden  Drop.  Coe  (s). 
4-Grand  Duke  (s). 

Green  Gage. 

—  Hudson  River  Purple  Egg  (s). 

—  Hulings  Superb  (sK 
—Imperial  Gage  (s). 
-i- Jefferson  (si. 
+Kingston  (sk 

-f  Lawrence  Favorite  (s). 

Lombard. 
—McLaughlin  (s). 

Moldavka. 
+  Monroe  Egg  (s). 
-fOrleans  (s). 
-f  Ottoman  (s). 
^Pond  (Hungarian  Prune). 
—Purple  Gage  (s). 
— Quackenboss  >s). 

Richland, 
-f  Shropshire  (s). 
+ Smith  Orleans  (s). 
-i- Transparent  Gage  (s). 
—Wales.  Prince  of  (s). 
fWangenheim  (st. 
^Washington  (s). 

Wolf. 

Yellow  Egg. 


De  Soto. 
Forest  Garden. 


Agen  (French,  Petite,  etc. )  (s> 

Columbia. 

Dosch. 

Italian  (Fellenberg). 

German  Prune. 

Golden  Drop.  Coe. 

Golden  Pmne. 

Pond  {Hungarian  Prune). 

Silver  Prune. 

Tragedy. 

Yellow  Egg. 


UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZOXE. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Abundance. 

Agen  I  French,  Petite,  etc.)  (n). 

Archduke  (n). 

Bavay  Green  Gage  (n). 

Bltecker  Gage  (n). 

Bradshaw  On. 

Bur  bank. 

Chab.:)t. 

Clinton. 

Columbia  <n). 

Copper  ( «)• 

Damson. 

Diamond.  Black  (n). 

Drap  d'Or  (n\. 

Duane  Purple  (h). 

Englel^ert  (n). 

jerman  Prune  i  n). 

olden  Drop,  Coe. 

rand  Duke  (n). 
3and  (n). 

3ud.son  River  Purple  Egg  (n). 
3ulings  Superb  in  >. 

imperial  Gage  (n). 
talian  (Fellenberg)  tn). 
efferson. 
[err  { Hattankio  -2  k 
Kingston  (n). 
.^wrence  Favorite  in), 
orabard. 
liner. 

lonroe  Egg  <  n  ■. 
"ewman. 


Agen  '  French.  Petite,  etc  > 

Bavav  Green  Gage. 

Bradshaw. 

Cherry. 

Clyman. 

Columbia. 

German  Prune. 

Golden  Drop.  Coe. 

Golden  Prune. 

Imperial  Gage. 

Italian. 

Kanawha. 

Lombard. 

McLaughlin. 

Peach. 

Pond  (Hungarian  Prune). 

Sergent,  Robe  de. 

Shropshire. 

Silver  Prune. 

Tragedy. 

Washingrton. 

Yellow  Egg. 


70 


LIFE  ZONES  AND  CROP  ZONES. 


Zone  ranges  of  plums  {including  prunes) — Continued. 
UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE-Uontinued. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Ogon. 

Orleans  (h). 
Ottoman  (h). 
Peach  in). 
Prince  Yellou: 
Purple  Favorite  (»i). 
Purple  ttaKe  (n). 
Red  Nngate. 
Richland  (n). 
Robinson. 
Saratoga  (n). 
Saunders  (n). 
Satsunia. 
Shronshire. 
Smith  Orleans  (n). 
Transparent  Gage  (n). 
Washinprton  (h). 
Wales.  Prince  of  (n). 
Wantrenheim  (»i). 
Wild  (xoose. 
Willard. 
Yellow  Egg  («). 


LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZOXE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 

Austroriparian  area. 

Gulf  strip. 

Agen  ( French,  Petite,  etc. ). 

Abundance  (Botan.). 

Kelsey. 

Caddo  Chief. 

Burbank. 

Sat.suma. 

Columbia. 

Caddo  Chief  [western]. 

Wild  Goose. 

El  Paso. 

Caradeuc,  De. 

German  Prune. 

Chabot. 

Golden  Drop,  Coe. 

Cumberland. 

Italian  ( Felleit  berg). 

El  Paso  [western]. 

Jefferson. 

George.son  ( Hattankio). 

Peach. 

Golden  Beauty. 

Sergent,  Robe  cle. 

Kerr  (Hattankio  2). 

Simon  (  Prunus  simonii). 

Indian  Chief. 

Lone  Star. 

Marianna. 

Miner. 

Newman. 

Red  Nagate. 

Satsuma. 

Transparent,  Yellow. 

Weaver. 

Wild  Goose. 

STRAWBERRIES. 

Strawberries  taken  collectively  have  a  wide  range,  special  varieties 
being  commercially  profitable  in  everj^  zone  from  the  lower  edge  of 
the  Boreal  in  Canada  to  the  semitropical  strip  bordering  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  Nevertheless,  the  strawberry  is  the  product  of  cool  temper- 
ate climates,  and  by  far  the  larger  number  of  varieties  are  found  in 
the  Transition  and  Upper  Austral  zones. 


STRAWBERRIES    AND    XUTS. 


71 


Zone  ranges  of  strawberries. 

[Key.— (n).  in  northern  part  only:  ^s>.  in  southern  part  only:  t  /\  information  sufficiently  posi- 
tive to  make  the  listing  necessary,  but  lacking  such  full  verification  as  to  require  qualification.] 

TRANSITION  ZONE. 


AUeghanian  (eastern  i  area. 


Arid  Transition  area. 


Pacific  Transition  area. 


Bubach  No.  5. 

Crescent. 

Cumberland. 

Downing,  Charles. 

Eureka  (s). 

Haverland. 

Jessie. 

Michel  Early  (s). 

Miner. 

Sharpless. 

Wartield. 

Wilson. 


Bubach  Xo.  ;>. 
Captain  Jack. 
Jessie  {f). 


Bubach  Xo.  5 

ClRvk  Seedling.^ 

Crescent. 

Everbearing. 

Jessie. 

Monarch. 

Perry. 

Sharpless. 

Vick. 

Wilson  Albany. 


UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Carolinian  area. 

Upper  Sonoran  area. 

Bubach  Xo.  5. 

Bubach  Xo.  5. 

Crescent. 

Captain  Jack. 

Cumberland. 

Clark  Seedling.^ 

Downing.  Charles. 

Crawford. 

Enhance. 

Jessie. 

Eureka. 

Longfellow. 

Gandv. 

Monarch. 

Greenville. 

Parker  Earle. 

Haverland. 

Sharpless. 

Jersey  Queen. 
Jessie. 
'Michel  Early. 

Thompson  Xo.  7- 

Miner. 

Parker  Earle. 

Sandoval. 

Sharpless. 

Warfield. 

Wood.  Beder. 

LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 


Austroriparian  area. 


Gulf  strip. 


Australian  Crimson. 

Burt. 

Longfellow. 

Monarch. 

Sharpless. 


Bubach  Xo.  ,'  [n). 

Cloud  [Mississippi  Valley]. 

Crescent. 

Gandy  (n). 

Hoffman. 

Michel  Early. 

Parker  Earle. 

Thompson.  Lady. 

Warfield  [Mississippi  Valley]. 


Hoffman. 
Michel  Early. 
Neunan. 
Thompson,  Lady. 


1  Markedly  successful  at  Hood  River.  Oregon,  where  the  Pacific  or  humid  division  of  the  Tran- 
sition zone  merges  into  the  arid  L^pper  Sonoran. 


NUTS. 

Our  native  Avild  nuts,  of  which  the  butternut,  chestnut,  hazelnut, 
hickory  nut,  and  black  walnut  are  of  some  commercial  importance, 
are  not  included  in  the  table,  which  treats  of  cultivated  kinds  only. 

Peanuts  are  grown  on  a  small  scale  in  hot  localities  in  the  Caro- 
linian area,  in  Michigan  and  Nebraska,  and  to  a  greater  extent  in 
New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  but  belong  properly  to  the  Austroriparian. 
Pecans  thrive  in  the  Austroriparian  and  Lower  Sonoran  areas,  but  do 


72 


LIFE    ZONES    AND    CHOP    ZONES. 


I)('s1  in  Ww  (Jiiir  strip.  Almonds,  thoiij^h  u^rown  sparingly  in  the 
Austr<)rii)ariaii  areti,  do  not  fruit  well,  and  are  not  a  commercial  suc- 
cess except  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  area  of  California  and  Arizona, 
where  they  and  Englisli  walnuts  are  verj'  important  crops. 

Zoiio  ranges  of  nnta. 

[Key.— (/i)i  in  hottest  part  only.] 

UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Carolinian  area. 

Upper  Sonoran  area. 

r<'aintts  (/(>. 

Kuro]>enn  iralmits: 
Chaberte. 
Franquette. 
Mayette. 
Parisienne. 
Proeparturiens. 
Serotina. 

European  chestnuts: 
Combale,  Marron. 
De  Lyon,  Marron. 

Filberts  and  hazelnuts: 
Du  Chilly. 
Lambert. 
Piedmont. 
Purple  Leaf. 
Red  Aveline. 

LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZONE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 

Austroriparian  area. 

Gulf  strip. 

Altnonds: 

Ahnonds.^ 

Peanuts. 

Blower.s. 

Brior. 

English  walnuts.^ 

Pecans. 

Drake. 

Golden  State. 

Peanuts. 

Gray  [.southwestern  Utah]. 

Harriott. 

Pecans. 

IXL. 

King  Soft  Shell. 

Languedoc. 

Lewelling. 

McCoy. 

No  Plus  Ultra. 

Nonpareil  (Extra). 

Papor  Shell. 

Routier,  Nen\ 

Soft  Shell,  Routier. 

Supremo. 

Tarragona. 

Twin,  Routier. 

Eurnpeati  uutlnuts: 

Bijou. 

Chaberte. 

Cluster. 

Ford. 

Franquette. 

Gant  (Bijou). 

Kaghazi. 

Mayotto. 

M<*sange  ( Paper  Shell). 

Mission  ( l^os  Angeles). 

Parisi«'nne 

}'ro>parturiens. 

Santa  Barbara. 

Serotina, 

Peanuts. 

Perans. 

Pistnihio  nut. 

Not  commercially  ^rown  in  the  Austroriparian  area. 


MISCELLANEOUS    CROPS. 
MISCELLANEOUS  CROPS. 


73 


This  list  is  only  the  merest  skeleton.  Additions  of  all  kinds, 
I^articulaiiy  specific  information  respecting  the  ranges  of  definite 
varieties  of  garden  vegetables,  will  be  thankfully  received. 

Zone  ranges  of  misceUaneous  crops. 

[Key. — (A  I.  in  hottest  part  only:  yn).  in  northern  part  only:  (s  i.  in  southern  part  only.] 
TRAXSITIOX  ZOXE. 


Alleghanian  (eastern  i  area. 


Arid  Transition  area. 


Pacific  Transition  area. 


Flax  (s). 

Flax. 

Alfalfa  is). 

Hops. 

Sugar  beet. 

Hops. 

Maple  sugar. 

White  potatoes. 

Sugar  beet  (s,i. 

Sorghum  (s). 

Sweet  corn. 

Sugar  beet. 

White  potatoes. 

Sweet  corn. 

White  potatoes. 

UPPER  AUSTRAL  ZOXE. 


Carolinian  area. 


Upper  Sonoran  area. 


Cowi)eas. 

Alfalfa. 

Flax. 

Cowpeas. 

Hemp  (Cannabis  sativa). 

Kafir  com. 

Lima  beans. 

Hemp. 

Sorghum. 

Lima  beans. 

Sugar  beet. 

Sorghum. 

Sweet  potatoes  {h). 

Sugar  l:>eet  {n^. 

Tobacco. 

Sweet  potatoes. 

White  potatoes. 

Tobacco 

White  potatoes. 

LOWER  AUSTRAL  ZOXE. 


Lower  Sonoran  area. 


Axistroriparian  area. 


Gulf  strip. 


Alfalfa. 
Black  wattle. 
Canaigi'e. 
Castor  bean. 
Cork  oak. 
Cotton. 
Cowpeas. 
Fiax  (seed). 
Hemp. 
Mustard. 
Olive  oil. 
Opium  poppy. 
PjTethrum. 
Ramie. 
RoseUe. 
j^orghum. 
Sugar  cane. 
Sweet  potatoes. 
Tagasaste. 
Tobacco. 


China  grass. 

Castor  bean. 

Cotton. 

Cowpeas. 

Jute. 

Lima  beans. 

Rice. 

Sorghum. 

Sugar  cane. 

Sweet  potatoes. 

Tea. 

Tobacco. 

Turpentine. 


China  grass  i  for  fiber). 

Cotton. 

Jute. 

Rice. 

Sea  Island  cotton. 

Sorghum. 

Sugar  cane. 

Sweet  potatoes. 

Tobacco. 


Camphor. 


Coffee. 


TROPICAL  FLORIDA. 

Ramie.  Sisal  hemp. 


Tobacco. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Agricultural  regions 12-13 

Agriculture  in  California 14 

Alfalfa 30,  45 

Alleghanian  area 20-24 

Birds 20 

Cereals 21 

Flax 24 

Fruits 21-24 

Hops 24 

Mammals 20 

Maple  sugar 24 

Nuts..... 20-21 

Sorghum 24 

Sugar  beet 24 

Sweet  corn 24 

Trees 20 

White  potatoes 24 

Almonds 45,  48 

Amatungula 52 

Apples — 

Alleghanian  area 21-22 

Arid  Transition  area 26 

Austroriparian  area 46 

Caroliniau  area 32-33 

Gulf  strip 50 

Lower  Sonorau  area 42 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 29 

Upper  Sonoran  area 37-38 

Zone  ranges  of 57-61 

Apricots— 

Austroriparian  area 47 

Carolinian  area 33 

Lower  Sonoran  area 42 

Upper  Sonoran  area 38 

Zone  ranges  of 62 

Arctic- Alpine  zone  18-19 

Birds 18 

Mammals 18-19 

Plants 18 

Arid  regions 15 

Arid  Transition  areas 25-27 

Birds 25 

Cereals 25-26 

Flax 27 

Fruits 26-27 

Mammals 25 

Potatoes 27 

Sugar  beet 27 

Austroriparian  area    45-49 

Birds 45 

Castor-oil  bean 49 

Cereals 46 


Pa^e. 
Austroriparian  area — Continued. 

China  grass 49 

Cotton 49 

Cowpeas 49 

Fruits 4648 

Jute 49 

Lima  beans 49 

Mammals 45 

Nuts 48 

Rice 49 

Sorghum   49 

Sugar  cane 49 

Sweet  potatoes 49 

Tea 49 

Tobacco 49 

Trees 45 

Turpentine 49 

j  Avocado 42,52 

Banana 52 

Barbados  gooseberry 52 

Barley— 

Alleghanian  area 21 

Arid  Transition  area 26 

Austroriparian  area 46 

Carolinian  area 31 

Lower  Sonoran  area 42 

Upper  Sonoran  area 37 

Bergamot  orange  49,  52 

Birds— 

Alleghanian  area 20 

Arctic- Alpine  zone 18 

Arid  Transition  area 25 

Austroriparian  area 45 

Canadian  zone 19 

Carolinian  area 31 

Gulf  strip 49 

Hudsonian  area 19 

Lower  Sonoran  zone 16 

Lower  Sonoran  area 41 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 27 

Transition  zone 20 

Tropical 52 

Bitter  oranges 49 

Black  currants 23 

Black  Avattle 45 

Buckwheat — 

Alleghauian  area 21 

Arid  Transition  area 26 

Carolinian  area 31 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 29 

California,  development  of  agriculture 14 

Camphor 53 

75 


76 


INDEX. 


Pago. 

CaiiJitlian  zono 19-20 

Birds  19 

Fruits 19-20 

Mammals 19 

Xuts 2(1 

Cnnai«rn' 45 

Cape  jrooseberry 52 

Caimllin 42 

Caraunda 52 

Carol) 42,52 

Ciiroliiiian  area 30-36 

Hirds 31 

Cereals 31 

Cowiwas 36 

Flax 36 

Fruits 32-35 

Hemp 36 

Lima  beans 36 

Mammals 31 

Nuts 36 

Potatoes 36 

Sorghum 36 

Sugar  beet 36 

Sweet  potatoes 36 

Tobacco 36 

Trees 31 

Casliew  nut 52 

Castor-oil  bean 45,  49 

Cereals — 

Alleghanian  area 21 

Arid  Transition  area 25-26 

Austroriparian  area 46 

Carolinian  area 31 

Lower  Sonoran  area 42 

PaciHc  Coast  Transition  area 29 

Upper  Sonoran  area 37 

Zone,  ranges  of 56-57 

Cherimoyer 42,  52 

Cherries — 

Alleghanian  area 23 

Arid  Transition  area 26 

Austroriparian  area 47 

Carolinian  area 33 

Lower  Sonoran  area 42 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 29 

I'pper  Sonoran  area 38 

Zone  ranges  of 62-64 

Chestnuts — 

European 40 

Moreton  Bay 42 

China  grass 49,  51 

Chinese  quince 47,  50 

Christ  thorn 52 

Citrons 42,  52 

Citrus  fruits 49-50, 52 

Cocoanut 52 

Cort.e 53 

Cork  oak 45 

Corn— 

Alleghanian  area 21 

Arid  Transition  area 25 

Austroriparian  area 46 

Candinian  area 31 

Lower  Sonoran  area 42 

I'acific  Coast  Transition  area 29 


Page. 
Corn— Continued. 

Ui)per  Sonoran  area 37 

Zone  ranges  of .56-57 

.  Cotton— 

Austr()rii)arian  area 49 

Gulf  strij) 51 

Lower  S(moran  area 45 

Sea  Island  or  Egyptian  for  new  sections.  11-12 
Cowpeas— 

Austroriparian  area 49 

Carolinian  area 36 

Lower  Sonoran  area 45 

Upper  Sonoran  area 40 

Crab  apples 22, 33 

Cranberries — 

Alleghanian  area 23 

Carolini.in  area 33 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 29 

Crop  tables 56-73 

Crops— 

Alleghanian  area 21-24 

Arid  Transition  area 25-27 

Austroriparian  area 46^9 

Carolinian  area 31-36 

Gulf  strip 49-51 

Lower  Sonoran  area 42-45 

Need  of  diversification  of 9 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 27-30 

Profitable  for  difl'erent  climates 11 

Tropical  Florida 52-53 

Tropical  region 52-53 

Upper  Sonoran  area 37-40 

Carrants 23,  29 

Custard  apple 52 

Dates 42, 52 

Dewberry 47, 50 

Downy  myrtle 52 

Egg  fruit 52 

Faunal  areas— 

Alleghanian 20-24 

Arid  Transition 25-27 

Austroriparian  45-49 

Carolinian 30-36 

Gulf  strip 49-51 

Lower  Sonoran 41-45 

Pacific  Coast  Transition 27-30 

Tropical 51-53 

Upper  Sonoran 36-40 

Faunas,  special  value  of  narrow  extensions.  15-17 

Figs  43.47,50 

Filberts 40 

Flax- 

AUeghanian  area 24 

Arid  Transition  area 27 

Carolinian  .irea 36 

Lower  Sonoran  area 45 

Fruits- 

Alleghanian  area 21-24 

Arid  Transition  area 26-27 

A  ustrorijjarian  area 46-48 

Canadian  zone 19-20 

Carolinian  area 32-35 

G ulf  strip 50 

Lower  Sonoran  aroa 42-44 

P.icific  Coast  Tran.sition  area 29-30 


INDEX. 


77 


Fruits— Coutinued.  Page. 

Transition  zone 20 

Tropical  Florida 52 

Ginep  or  Spanish  lime 53 

Gooseberries .^.        30 

Granadillas 43,50,53 

Grapes — 

AUeghanian  area 23 

Arid  Transition  area 26 

Austroripariau  area 47 

Carolinian  area 33-34 

Gulf  strip 50 

Lower  Sonorau  area 43 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 30 

Upper  Sonoran  area 39 

Zone  ranges  of 64-65 

Guavas 43.51,53 

Hazelnuts 40 

Hemp 36,  40,  45 

Hug  plum 53 

Hops 24, 30 

Hudsonian  zone 19 

Birds 19 

Mammals 19 

Trees 19 

Japanese  persimmons 43.  47,  51 

Jujube 43 

Jute 49,51 

Katir  corn 40 

Kaiapple 42 

Kumquat 43,51,53 

Lemuna 43. 49,  52 

Lima  beans      36,40,49 

Limes 43,  52 

Loquats 43,  51,  53 

Lower  Austral  zone 41-51 

Lower  Sonoran  area 41-45 

Alfalfa 45 

Birds '....  16.41 

Black  wattle 45 

Canaigre 45 

Capullin 42 

Castor-oil  bean 45 

Cereals 42 

Cork  oak 45 

Cotton 45 

Cowpeas 45 

Flax 45 

Fruits 42-44 

Hemp 45 

Mammals 41 

Mustard 45 

Xuts 45 

Olives 43 

Opium  poppy 45 

Plants 16.  41 

Pyrethrum 45 

Ramie 45 

Hoselle 45 

Sorghum 45 

Sugar  cane 45 

Sweet  potatoes 45 

Tagasaste 45 

Tobacco 45 

Mammals — 

AUeghanian  area 20 

Arctic-Alpine  zone 18 


Mammals — Continued.  Page. 

Arid  Transition  area 25 

Austroripariau  area 45 

Canadian  zone 19 

Carolinian  area 31 

Hudsonian  zone 19 

Lower  Sonoran  area 41 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 27 

Tropical  region 52 

Mammee  apple 53 

Mammee  sapota 53 

Mandarin 43.  ."> J.  52 

Mango 42.  53 

Maple  sugar 24 

Mapping  agricultural  regions 1 2-13 

Melon  papaw 53 

Miscellaneous  crops — 

AUeghanian  area 24 

Arid  Transition  area 27 

Austroripariau  area 45 

Carolinian  area 36 

Gnlf  strip 51 

Lower  Sonoran  area 45 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 30 

Tropical  Florida 53 

Upper  Sonoran  area 40 

Momtera  deliciosa 53 

Mulberries 43,  47 

Mustard 45 

Xectarines 34.  39.  44 

Xuts— 

AUeghanian  area 20-21 

Austroripariau  area 48 

Canadian  zone 20 

Carolinian  area 36 

Gulf  strip 51 

Lower  Sonorau  area 43 

Upper  Scnoran  area 40 

Zone  ranges  of 71-72 

Oats— 

AUeghanian  area 21 

Arid  Transition  area 25 

Austroripariau  area 46 

Carolinian  area 31 

Lower  Sonoran  area 42 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 29 

Upper  Sonoran  area 37 

Zone  range  of 56-57 

Olives 43 

Opium  poppy 45 

Oran  ges 43.  50.  52 

Otaheite  gooseberry 53 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 27-30 

Alfalfa 30 

Birds 27 

Cereals 23 

Fruits 29-30 

Hops 30 

Mammals 27 

Potatoes 30 

Shrubs 27 

Sugar  beet 30 

Sweet  corn 30 

Trees 27 

Peaches — 

Austroripariau  area 43 

Carolinian  area 34 


78 


INDEX. 


IVaclies— f'ontimuMl. 

Gulf  strip 51 

Litwor  Soiioniii  urea 44 

ra<ilic  Coast  Transition  area 30 

I'pper  Sonoran  area ;{9 

Zone  ranges  of 65-G6 

Peanuts 45,  48, 51 

Pears — 

AlK'glianiau  area 23-24 

Arid  Transition  area 26 

Austroripariau  area 48 

Carolinian  area 34-35 

Gulf  strip 51 

Lower  Sonoran  area 44 

Upper  Sonoran  area 39-40 

Zone  ranges  of 67-68 

Pecans 45,  48,  51 

Pepino 42,  44,  53 

Pistachio  nut 45 

Plants- 
Arctic- Alpine  zone 18 

Lower  Sonoran  area 41 

Tropical  region 52 

Upper  Sonoran  area 36 

Plums— 

Alleglianian  area 24 

Arid  Transition  area 27 

Austroripariau  area 48 

Carolinian  area 35 

Gulf  strip 51 

Zone  ranjzes  of 68-70 

Plums  (including  prunes) — 

Lower  Sonoran  area 44 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 30 

Upper  Sonoran  area 40 

Zone  ranges  of 68-70 

Poniejiranales 44,  48.  51 

Pomeloes 44,  50,  52 

Pineapples 44, 53 

Pond  apple 53 

Pyret  liruin 45 

Queensland  nut 42 

Quinces 24,  35,  40 

Ramie 45,  53 

Raspberries 35.  40 

Regions— « 

Arid 15 

Mapping  agricultural 12-13 

Tropical 51  53 

Rice 49,51 

Rose  apjde 42, 53 

Roselle 45 

Rye— 

AUeglianian  area 21 

A  rid  Transiti<m  area 26 

A  ustrori jiarian  area 46 

Carolinian  area 31 

Ujtper  Sonoran  area 37 

St.  John's  bread  or  carob  . .  -• 52 

Sai»odilla 42,53 

Semitropiral  or  Gulf  strip 49-51 

Birds 49 

(Miina  grass 51 

Citrus  fruits 49-50 

Cotton 51 

Fruits 50 


Page. 
Semitropical  or  Gulf  strip— Continued. 

Jute 51 

Kuts 51 

Rice 51 

Sorghuiu 51 

Sugar  cane 51 

Sweet  potatoes 51 

Tobacco 51 

Trees 49 

Shrubs 27 

Sisal  hemp 53 

Sorghum  — 

Alh'ghauian  area 24 

Austroripariau  area 49 

Carolinian  area 36 

Gulf  strij) 51 

Lower  Sonoran 45 

Upper  Sonoran  area 40 

Soursop .  53 

.Southern  dewberry 53 

Spanish  lime  or  ginep 53 

Strawberries— 

AUeghaniau  area 24 

Arid  Transition  area 27 

Austroripariau  area 48 

Carolinian  area 35 

Gulf  strip 51 

Lower  Sonoran  area 44 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 30 

Upper  Sonoran  area 40 

Zone  ranges  of 70-71 

Strawberry  tomato 53 

Sugar  api)le 53 

Sugar  beet  — 

AUeghaniau  area 24 

Arid  Transition  area 27 

Carolinian  area 36 

Pacifi(?  Coast  Transition  area    30 

Upper  Sonoran  area 40 

Sugar  cane 45,  49,  51 

Surinam  cherry 53 

Sweet  corn 24,  30 

Sweet  potatoes— 

Austroripariau  area 49 

Gulf  strip 51 

Lower  Sonoran  area 45 

Ui)per  Sonoran  area 40 

Tagasaste 45 

Tamarinds 44,  53 

Tangerines 50 

Tea 49 

Temperatures  of  zones 54-55 

A  rctic 54 

Hudsonian 54 

Canadian 54 

Lower  Austral 55 

Transition 55 

Tropical 55 

Upper  Austral 55 

Tobacco — 

Austroripariau  area 49 

Carolinian  area 36 

Gulf  strip -. 51 

Lower  Sonoran  area 45 

Tropical  Florida 53 

Up])er  Sonoran  area 40 


INDEX. 


79 


Page. 

Transition  zone 20-30 

Trees — 

Alleghauian  area - 20 

Austroriparian  area 45 

Caroliuiau  area 31 

Hudsonian  zone 19 

Gnlf  strip 49 

Lower  Souoran  area 45 

Lower  Sonoran  zoue 16 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 27 

Tropical  region 52 

Upper  Sonoran  area 36 

Tree  tomato 42 

Tropical  region 51-53 

Tropical  Florida 52-53 

Areas 51-53 

Birds 52 

Camphor 53 

Citrus  fruits 52 

Coffee 53 

Fruits  52-53 

Mammals 52 

Ramie 53 

Sisal  hemp 53 

Tobacco 53 

Turpentine 49 

TTpper  Austral  zone 30-40 

Upper  Sonoran  area 36-40 

Alfalfa 40 

Birds 36-37 

Cereals 37 

Cowpeas -.        40 

Fruits 37-40 

Hemp 40 

Kafir  corn 40 

Lima  beans 40 

Mammals 36 

^Jfuts 40 

Plants 36 

Potatoes 40 

Sorghum 40 

Sugar  beet 40 

Sweet  potatoes 40 

Tobacco 40 

Trees 36 

Vegetables 20 

"Walnuts,  English 48 


Page 

"Walnuts.  European 40, 45 

TVheat— 

AUeghaniau  area 21 

Austroriparian  area 46 

Arid  Transition  area 25 

Carolinian  area 31 

Lower  Sonoran  area 42 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 29 

Upper  Sonoran  area 37 

Zone  langes  of 56-57 

White  potatoes — 

Alleghanian  area 24 

Arid  Transition  area 27 

Carolinian  area 36 

Pacific  Coast  Transition  area 30 

Upper  Sonoran  area 40 

Zapote  bianco 42 

Zone  ranges  of — 

Apples 57-01 

Apricots 62 

Cherries 62-64 

Corn 56. 57 

Grapes 64-65 

Xuts 71-72 

Oats 56.  57 

Peaches 65-66 

Pears 67-68 

Plums 68-70 

Strawberries 70-71 

"Wheat : 56.57 

Zones — 

Arctic- Alpine 18-19 

Canadian 19-20 

Hudsonian 19 

Life  zones  of  the  United  States  bound- 
aries, important  crops,  native  species.  18-53 

Lower  Austral 41-51 

Transition 20-30 

Upper  Austral 30-40 

Zone  temperatures 54-55 

Arctic 54 

Canadian  54 

Hudsonian 54 

Lower  Austral 55 

Transition 55 

Tropical 55 

Upper  Austral 55 


W: 

^ 


■■'^m 


'-n/- -"-^"^^t 


sr 


Vv>^ 


>^^. 


..kZ. 


^'•-•^^^#V 


*^---   '• 


^•;.V»  •?.#■* 


